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Introduction
Grounded theory (GT) is a research method concerned with the generation of theory, 1 which is 'grounded' in data that has been systematically collected and analysed. 2 It is used to uncover such things as social relationships and behaviours of groups, known as social processes. 3 It was developed in California, USA by Glaser and Strauss during their study-'Awareness of Dying'. 1 It is a general methodology for developing theory that is grounded in data which is systematically gathered and analysed.
Features of GT
Data collection and analysis occur simultaneously.
Categories and analytic codes developed from data. Pre-existing conceptualisations not to be used-this is known as theoretical sensitivity (see below).
Theoretical sampling used to refine categories.
Abstract categories constructed inductively.
Social processes discovered in the data.
Analytical memos used between coding and writing.
Categories integrated into a theoretical framework. 4
Carrying out a GT study
First the area of interest is identified. Theoretical preconceptions should be avoided, although it is accepted this is difficult in practice. Analytical procedures and sampling strategies are then used and the study is finished when theoretical sampling reached 5 all discussed below. Data collected may be qualitative or quantitative or a combination of both. Data collection methods often include in-depth interviews using open-ended questions. Questions can be adjusted as theory emerges. Observational methods and focus groups may also be used.
Theoretical sampling
Glaser and Strauss (1967) first mentioned theoretical sampling and described a process of generating theory from data which includes collecting the data, then coding and analysing the data. 1 Next the researcher makes a conscious decision about what further detail they feel needs exploring as the new theory develops. It usually takes place after some initial key concepts or categories have been identified, for example, you might decide to interview patients about their experience of heart failure. They may talk about systematic errors occurring in the general practice surgery. From this analysis of the data you may decide to approach and interview GPs to explore their views on patients' comments. Theoretical sampling therefore, is used to produce more data to endorse or refute the categories that have been...