非小细胞肺癌患者的预后判断是一个尚未攻克的难题。肿瘤分期一直是判断预后和指导临床治疗决策的依据,但依靠分期进行预测也不是完全可靠的,即使是Ⅰ、Ⅱ期的非小细胞肺癌患者在术后也有相当一部分患者出现复发。因此需要更好的方法进行预后判断。PET利用肿瘤及正常组织代谢率存在差异的原理,通过定量测量葡萄糖摄取情况即SUV,提供肿瘤生物学侵袭性和疾病活动状态的信息,从而为预后判断提供了新的线索。目前18F-FDG PET在预测肿瘤患者预后方面的的研究逐渐增多。在淋巴瘤、胃肠道肿瘤及非小细胞肺癌术后,SUV对预后都有一定的预测价值[1]。鉴于此,本文对治疗前非小细胞肺癌患者18F-FDG PET中原发病灶和转移病灶SUV对总生存期的预测价值进行了研究。
1 材料与方法
1.1 对象
选择2001年1月-2007年6月间我院肿瘤内科在确诊后治疗前进行PET检查的非小细胞肺癌患者共66例。全部患者均经病理学证实。男性占63.6%。所有患者平均年龄为60.6(40-82)岁,其中≥60岁者占53%。Ⅰ期患者16例,Ⅱ期7例,Ⅲ期9例,Ⅳ期34例。腺癌55例,鳞癌7例,其他病理类型4例。从病理分化程度看中分化占42.4%,高分化和低分化均为28.8%。无其他器官转移的占33.3%,转移器官个数> 1个的占16.7%。53.3%接受了手术治疗,54.5%接受了含铂方案的化疗,22.7%接受过靶向药物治疗。PET检查中共发现62处转移病灶,其中淋巴结、骨、脑、肺内和肝转移例数分别为36、15、4、4和3。
1.2 方法和判断标准
所有的患者PET检查前禁食4 h以上,检查前血糖均低于6.7 mmol/L。静注示踪剂18FDG370 mBq-740 mBq,注药后50 min进行2D全身显像。由两名核医学医生进行肉眼观察,并进行病灶SUV测定,记录原发及转移病灶最高SUV用于统计分析。
对患者的生存情况每3个月通过电话问询或门诊就诊随访一次,记录患者的人 学资料,治疗和评估情况并统计生存期。选择4、5、6、7、8、9、10作为分界点,按原发灶最高SUV将患者分为≥分界点和
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS 11.5软件对数据进行统计。采用kaplan-Meier 进行单因素生存分析,Cox 回归模型进行多因素分析,以P < 005为有统计学差异。
2 结果
2.1 SUV测定结果
原发病灶最高SUV为6.3±3.2( 1 . 4-1 3 . 6 ) , 全部转移病灶最高SUV为4 . 3 ± 3 . 1(1.2-11.9),肺门纵隔淋巴结转移灶最高SUV为4.6±3.4(1.2-11.9)。具体见图1。
2.2 原发灶和肺门纵隔淋巴结SUV对生存期的影响
原发灶最高SUV值≥7组患者的总生存期较SUV值< 7患者明显缩短,两组总生存分别为26.1(22.1-30.2)个月和38.7(30.7-46.7)个月(P =0.020),见图2A。肺门纵隔淋巴结转移灶最高SUV≥5和< 5患者的生存期分别为17.0(15.4-18.6)个月和28.9(23.7-34.2)个月(P < 0001),见图2B。肝、骨、脑、肺内转移灶SUV对患者生存期没有明显影响。
2.3 预后因素的分析
单因素分析显示原发病灶SUV≥7,淋巴结转移灶SUV≥5,肿瘤分期[早期(Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期),晚期(Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期)],肿瘤的病理分化为高分化,转移器官个数≥1个,转移器官个数≥2个,PET发现淋巴结转移,PET发现骨转移与预后相关。患者性别,年龄> 60岁,肺癌病理分化程度为高中分化,PET检查中发现脑转移或肺内转移或肝转移,是否接受手术,是否接受含铂方案化疗,是否使用靶向药物治疗与预后无关(表1)。多因素分析显示PET检查时未发现转移病灶、接受手术以及肿瘤病理呈高分化是有利于非小细胞肺癌生存的独立预后因素(表2)。
图 1 非小细胞肺癌患者行PET检查测得各类病灶SUV情况 Fig 1 SUV of primary and metastasis lesions in PET (mets: metastasis)
图 2 原发灶(A)和转移淋巴结(B)SUV对生存期的影响 Fig 2 SUV of primary (A) and metastasis lesions (B) in PET
3 讨论
PET利用肿瘤及正常组织代谢率存在差异的原理进行检查,病灶摄取葡萄糖的强度代表了肿瘤组织增生情况、繁殖速率[2]通过定量测量葡萄糖摄取情况即SUV,可以提供肿瘤生物学侵袭性的信息[3,4]。PET可以进行定性及定量分析,SUV是病灶部位18FDG相对于患者注射总量和患者体重的摄取量,是定量分析PET的依据。Kieninger[5]、Hatano、Sanghera[6]、Mochiki[7]等学者在肺癌、肝癌、头颈部肿瘤、胃癌等肿瘤的研究都提示原发病灶SUV(最高值或者平均值)对患者的生存期有明显预测价值,SUV在判断肿瘤预后、化疗反应评估中的意义大于肿瘤诊断及分期。
研究发现以7作为原发病灶最高SUV的分界点可以对NSCLC患者的总生存期有很好的提示作用,即初诊时原发灶代谢活性与患者的预后有明显的关系。这与陈香等[8]的研究结果是一致的,陈取的分界点是8。Hanin等[9]对Ⅰ、Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌患者的研究提示SUV值> 7.8的患者总生存期较< 78的患者明显缩短。Al-Sarraf等[10]得到的分界值是15。不同中心的分界点的差异可能是由于仪器、读片、注射FDG的剂量,注射药物到进行扫描的时间不同等因素的影响。尽管Hoang等[11]对晚期肺癌的回顾性研究得出了相反的结论,Berghmans等[12]近期的一个荟萃分析显示原发病灶SUV的测量对非小细胞肺癌患者的预后有预测价值。
PET除了对非小细胞肺癌的总生存期有预测作用外,对无进展生存也有一定的预测价值:Higashi[1]和Hanin[8]的研究中都证实原发灶SUV高者无病生存期显著缩短。
恶性肿瘤预后不佳或者导致死亡的主要原因大多是远处转移,如淋巴结、肺、肝、骨转移等等,因此有理由假设转移病灶的代谢活性可能会影响患者生存。基于这一假设,本研究对转移病灶与生存期的关系也进行了研究,结果发现非小细胞肺癌肺门和/或纵隔转移淋巴结最高SUV与生存也明显相关,分界值为5。肝、骨、脑、肺内转移病灶SUV与患者生存无明显关系,原因可能是这些转移灶的个数太少,扩大样本数有更多相应器官转移的患者进入研究可能会得出更加确切的结论。刘靖等[13]将所有病灶SUV最大值(SUVmax)作为研究对象,结果发现SUVmax越高,生存期越短,与本文结论一致。Bastiaannet等[14]发现恶性黑色素瘤转移淋巴结平均SUV低的患者无进展生存期更长,这也提示转移病灶的代谢活性与预后相关。因此,临床上我们可以通过对转移病灶SUV的分析,来协助判断患者的预后:转移灶SUV高者,生存期更短。
对肺癌预后因素的分析显示肿瘤分期,肿瘤分化程度仍然是影响患者生存的主要因素。多因素分析显示手术也是独立预后因素,这与分期实际是一致的:能够手术的患者多是Ⅰ至Ⅱ期的患者。单因素分析显示原发灶SUV和肺门/纵隔淋巴结转移灶SUV都是影响预后的因素。Berghmans[12]对13个研究进行荟萃分析,11项研究显示原发病灶SUV越高,患者生存期越短,与本文的结果一致。但Cox 回归分析发现这两项因素并不是影响非小细胞肺癌患者生存的独立预后因素,这可能与样本数较少有关,扩大样本观察可能会得出更加准确的结果。肿瘤分期一直是临床认可的影响预后的主要因素,Goldstraw[15]对67 725名患者的临床资料的随访显示肿瘤分期与患者的预后密切相关,本研究的结果也证实了分期与预后的关系。本文多因素分析显示肿瘤的分化程度高是生存的独立预后因素,这与Harpole[16]的“核分裂相多是非小细胞肺癌预后不良的独立预后因素”是吻合的。
尽管PET检查也存在一定局限性:存在假阳性、假阴性、灵敏度[17]、定位欠准等。PET前空腹时间、血糖水平、注射FDG的剂量;注药到扫描的时间间隔等也可能对SUV产生影响。但是随着PET-CT的出现和新型代谢示踪剂的不断开发,PET的局限性会逐渐缩小,PET对患者预后的提示作用将被更加广泛的使用。
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*Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; #Department of Neuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
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Abstract
背景与目的 PET已广泛应用于非小细胞肺癌的诊断及监测、治疗后评价、随访。但PET在非小细胞肺癌患者预后判断中的意义尚不是十分明确。本研究探讨18F-FDG PET显像在非小细胞肺癌患者预后判断中的价值。方法 对66例非小细胞肺癌患者PET中原发病灶和转移病灶最高SUV(标准化摄取比)对患者生存的预测价值进行分析。结果 原发病灶最高SUV为(6.3±3.2),全部转移病灶最高SUV为(4.3±3.1),肺门纵隔淋巴结转移灶最高SUV为(4.6±3.4)。原发灶最高SUV≥7组和<7组的总生存期分别为26.1个月和38.7个月(P =0.02)。淋巴结转移灶最高SUV≥5和<5患者的生存期分别为17.0个月和28.9个月(P <0.001)。单因素分析显示原发病灶SUV、淋巴结转移灶SUV、肿瘤分期、肿瘤的病理类型、分化程度、是否接受手术治疗、转移器官个数、PET发现淋巴结转移、PET发现骨转移是非小细胞肺癌的预后影响因素。多因素分析显示PET检查时是否发现转移病灶,是否接受手术治疗以及肿瘤病理高分化是非小细胞肺癌生存的独立预后因素。结论 非小细胞肺癌患者确诊时PET检查中原发灶最高SUV、转移淋巴结最高SUV可以作为判断非小细胞肺癌患者生存的预后因素。
Background and objective 18F-FDG PET has been widely applied in the diagnosis, treatment evaluation and following up of NSCLC. But the usefulness of PET in the prognosis predicting of NSCLC is uncertain. The purpose of the study is to investigate the value of 18F-FDG PET in the prognosis of NSCLC. Methods The value of SUV of primary and metastasis lesions to the prognosis of NSCLC were analyzed. Results SUV of primary lesions, all the metastasis lesions and hilar and/or mediastinal metastatic lymphnodes were (6.3±3.2), (4.3±3.1) and (4.6±3.4) respectively. Overall survival (OS) of patients whose SUV of primary lesions≥ 7 and< 7 ones were 26.1 and 38.7 months (P =0.02). OS of patients whose SUV of lymphnodes metastasis≥ 5 and< 5 ones were 17.0 and 28.9 months (P <0.001). Kaplen-Meier survival analysis revealed that SUV of primary lesions≥ 7, SUV of lymphnodes metastasis≥ 5, cancer stage, pathological status of tumor, differentiation of tumor, receiving surgery or not, numbers of organs that had metastasis, lymphnodes metastasis positive or not in PET scan, bone metastasis positive or not in PET scan were prognostic factors of NSCLC. Multivariate analysis suggested that tumor metastasis positive or not at PET scan, receiving surgery or not and the differentiation status was well-differentiated or not are independent prognostic factors of NSCLC patients. Conclusion SUV of primary lesions and hilar and/or mediastinal lymphnodes in newly diagnosed NSCLC can be prognostic factors for NSCLC patients.
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