Content area
Full Text
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s12035-016-9765-x&domain=pdf
Web End = Mol Neurobiol (2017) 54:16011611 DOI 10.1007/s12035-016-9765-x
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s12035-016-9765-x&domain=pdf
Web End = A Therapeutic Insight of Niacin and Coenzyme Q10 Against Diabetic Encephalopathy in Rats
Tarek K. Motawi1 & Hebatallah A. Darwish1 & Manal A. Hamed2 &
Nagy S. El-Rigal2 & Asmaa F. Aboul Naser2
Received: 31 December 2015 /Accepted: 1 February 2016 /Published online: 11 February 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyper-glycemia due to insulin inactivity or insufficiency with increasing risk of developing specific complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), niacin, as well as their combination in ameliorating brain disorders associated with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. Glibenclamide, a reference diabetic drug, and donepezil, an acetylcholine inhibitor drug, were also evaluated. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg body weight (b.wt)). One-month diabetic rats were treated with the selected drugs daily for another two consecutive weeks. The evaluation was done through the estimation of the levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, and oxidative stress markers: malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH); neurotransmitters: acetylcholine (Ach) and dopamine (DA); vasoconstrictor indices: intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), and angiotensin II (Ang II); and apoptosis markers: tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and caspase-3 as well as the histopathological picture of the cerebellum region of the brain. The results revealed that the combination of niacin and CoQ10 improved most of the measured parameters with variable degrees. In conclusion, niacin and CoQ10 are
promising dietary supplements in the management of diabetic encephalopathy.
Keywords Adhesion molecules . Apoptosis . Diabetic encephalopathy . Oxidative stress . Neurotransmitters
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine disorder characterized by increased blood glucose levels due to defective insulin secretion, resistance to insulin action, or both [1]. Northam et al. [2] have reported that DM is associated with long-term complications, affecting eyes, kidneys, blood vessels, heart, and nerves with degenerative and functional disorders of the central nervous system (CNS).
The impact of metabolic diseases like DM on CNS has considerably grown up in the last decade [3]. Diabetic encephalopathy is a series of neurochemical, neurophysiological, and structural abnormalities...