Correspondence to Dr Marie Louise Anna Schuttelaar; [email protected]
Strengths and limitations of this study
This study compares two systemic drugs for severe recurrent vesicular hand eczema head-to-head and aims to answer both a relevant clinical and economical question.
A strength of the study is that blinded assessment of severity will be performed in order to obtain an objective result for efficacy, despite the open-label design.
The study is limited by the fact that there will be no follow-up after the end of treatment at 24 weeks, meaning that this study will not address the long-term efficacy of both drugs.
Introduction
Hand eczema is a common condition. It can have far-reaching personal, psychological and occupational consequences that may have a drastic impact on the life of those affected. A point prevalence of 4% and a 1-year-period prevalence up to 10% in the general population in Sweden have been reported.1 A Danish study in young adults showed an incidence of 8.8 per 1000 person-years, a point prevalence of 7.1% and a 1-year-period prevalence of 14.3%. Women are significantly more often affected than men.2
The clinical presentation of severe hand eczema varies widely, ranging from chronic fissured skin to a vesicular eruption or palmar hyperkeratosis. The disease could also be approached aetiologically, considering exogenous factors causing allergic contact dermatitis (eg, nickel, perfumes) and irritant contact dermatitis (eg, water, soap) in addition to endogenous factors like atopic dermatitis.3
There is general consensus concerning the first-line treatment of hand eczema in various guidelines. Emollients and topical corticosteroids are considered to be the mainstay of treatment in mild and moderate forms. If these fail, secondary options like phototherapy and systemic treatment are available. However, to date, an evidence-based recommendation regarding the treatment of more severe hand eczema cannot be made. Particularly, more head-to-head trials are needed.4
Alitretinoin is the only registered systemic treatment option for all clinical types of severe chronic hand eczema. It is currently the most investigated drug in terms of patient numbers in the second-line treatment of severe chronic hand eczema. In well-designed, pharmaceutical sponsored trials, 30 mg alitretinoin a day resulted in a clear or almost clear response in 48% of the participants, compared with 17% in placebo. In the hyperkeratotic subtype 54% responded, compared with 12% in the placebo group. In two non-hyperkeratotic subgroups (defined as pompholyx (vesicular) and fingertip in the study), only 33% and 44% of participants reached clearance or almost clearance, compared with 12%–30% in the placebo group.5 6
In our clinical experience, cyclosporine has beneficial effects on hand eczema in daily practice. This concerns mainly the vesicular subtype in which a response of 68% was estimated in a retrospective drug survival study.7 Other small studies have also shown that cyclosporine may have a beneficial effect on hand eczema. In a case study, Reitamo and Granlund reported that 87.5% of the patients with a chronic dermatitis on the hands responded to cyclosporine treatment within a few weeks.8 In a study by Granlund et al, 41 patients were treated with cyclosporine for chronic hand eczema; 50% of the patients reported a beneficial effect of the treatment.9 In a second open-label study, 27 patients treated for 6 weeks with oral cyclosporine 3 mg/kg/day showed a 1-year success rate of 74% for chronic hand eczema.10 A previous trial comparing alitretinoin with cyclosporine in atopic hand eczema ended prematurely due to the inability to include the total number of participants.11
In several European countries, cyclosporine is registered for use in patients with atopic dermatitis. Schmitt et al performed a meta-analysis of controlled and uncontrolled trials of cyclosporine treatment in patients with atopic dermatitis. Fifteen studies including 602 patients were analysed. All studies reported a decrease in the mean severity of atopic dermatitis with a relative effectiveness of 55% (95% CI 48% to 62%) after 6 to 8 weeks of cyclosporine treatment.12
Although alitretinoin is the only registered systemic treatment for severe chronic hand eczema, this treatment has never been compared with immunomodulating/immunosuppressive systemic drugs that are currently considered to be a third-line alternative treatment for this condition.4 Since alitretinoin showed a good response in hyperkeratotic subtypes, the drug should be used as first systemic choice in this subtype. In the vesicular subtype, however, its action was less convincing. Cyclosporine on the other hand showed good response in vesicular hand eczema. This trial aims to compare alitretinoin with cyclosporine in the treatment of severe chronic recurrent vesicular hand eczema. The study assesses the efficacy of both treatments and will show head-to-head results, which should contribute to uncovering the best treatment strategy for hand eczema.
Objectives
Primary objective: to compare the efficacy of alitretinoin and cyclosporine in patients with severe recurrent vesicular hand eczema.
Secondary objectives:
To compare time to response.
To compare health-related quality of life
To compare improvement in severity of hand eczema, as assessed by the patient.
To compare safety.
To compare cost-utility and cost-effectiveness.
Methods and analysis
Study design
This study is designed as a randomised prospective open-label study. Assessment of disease severity, laboratory measurements and quality of life in this study will be conducted comparable with daily practice assessments. The duration of the study for an individual patient is 24 weeks. Planned inclusion period is 2 years.
Study population
The study population will consist of adult patients with severe recurrent vesicular hand eczema. Recurrent vesicular hand eczema will be diagnosed following the criteria of the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group.13 The definition of recurrent vesicular hand eczema is recurrent eruptions of vesicles on the palms and/or on the sides of the fingers and possibly also on the palmar aspects of the fingers and around the fingernails. Eruptions may occur at intervals of weeks or months. The severity of the hand eczema at screening will be graded by means of a Physician Global Assessment using a validated Photoguide.14 Woman in the fertile age will be required to use proper contraception methods. Men and women of all ethnicities of 18 years and older will be recruited. Patients meeting all inclusion criteria, while not meeting any of the exclusion criteria, will be asked to participate. See figure 1 for a study flow chart.
Enlarge this image.Figure 1. Study flow chart. *Lack of efficacy defined as no improvement assessed by the Physician Global Assessment (Photoguide) (at least one step improvement is necessary to continue treatment after 12 weeks).
Inclusion criteria
In order to be eligible to participate in this study, a subject must meet all of the following criteria:
Age ≥18 years and ≤75 years.
Severe or very severe recurrent vesicular hand eczema for a minimum duration of 3 months as defined by a Physician Global Assessment (PGA) using a validated Photoguide.14
Refractory to standard therapy, defined as:
Patient received treatment with topical corticosteroids of class II or higher for at least 8 weeks within 3 months before enrolment, with either no response or a transient response.
Patient has also received standard skin care, including emollients and barrier protection as appropriate, without significant improvement.
Patient has avoided irritants and contact allergens, if identified, without significant improvement.
Women of childbearing potential are required to use at least two forms of contraception for at least 1 month before starting treatment, during treatment and for at least 1 month after finishing treatment; these women are required to take monthly pregnancy tests.
Able to provide written informed consent.
Able to speak and read the Dutch language.
Exclusion criteria
A potential subject who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in this study:
General criteria prior to randomisation
Treated with alitretinoin or cyclosporine in the previous 3 months.
Other morphological types of hand eczema as defined by the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group.13
Patients with predominantly atopic dermatitis, in whom the hands are also involved, but no main concern. (Patients with controlled atopic dermatitis, in which the hands are mainly affected, are eligible for inclusion.)
Psoriasis of the hands.
Active bacterial, fungal or viral infection of the hands.
Pregnant/lactating or planning to become pregnant during the study period.
Treatment with systemic immunosuppressive medication or UV radiation within the previous 4 weeks.
Mentally incompetent.
Immunocompromised status (to be determined by investigator or treating physician).
Uncontrolled arterial hypertension (minimally three measurements). Systolic pressure >160 mm Hg or diastolic pressure >95 mm Hg, despite starting antihypertensive medication.15
Known or suspected allergy to ingredients in the study medications.
Inclusion in a study of an investigational drug within 60 days prior to start of treatment.
Current malignancy (other than successfully treated non-metastatic cutaneous squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma and/or localised carcinoma in situ of the cervix).
Current active pancreatitis.
Evidence of alcohol abuse or drug addiction.
Malabsorption.
Currently active gout.
Recurring convulsions/epilepsy.
Living vaccine (including BCG, varicella, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, oral polio and oral typhoid) in the last 2 weeks or the planned application of such a vaccine during the study period.
Chronic or recurrent infectious diseases.
Contact sensitisations with clinical relevance to the hands, in which exposure to allergens is not avoided.
Hypervitaminosis A due to the use of vitamin A supplements containing >2000 IU.
Use of drugs with potential to change the effective dose of study drugs within the previous 2 weeks.
Laboratory exclusion criteria post-randomisation
Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) values >200% of the upper limit of normal.
Impaired renal function as indicated by a clinically relevant abnormal creatinine value (to be determined by investigator or treating physician).
Anaemia as indicated by a clinically relevant lowered haemoglobin value (to be determined by investigator or treating physician).
Alitretinoin specific
Triglycerides >200% of the upper limit of normal.
Cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values >200% of the upper limit of normal.
Uncontrolled hypothyroidism (to be determined by investigator or treating physician).
Cyclosporine specific
Impaired renal function as indicated by a clinically relevant abnormal creatinine value (to be determined by investigator or treating physician).
Uraemia.
Hyperkalaemia.
Hyperuricaemia in patients with a medical history of gout.
Recruitment and consent
Recruitment takes place at a university centre Dermatology department, during specialised eczema consulting sessions every week. Several Dermatology departments in hospitals in the region are provided with the study protocol and asked to refer eligible patients. All referred hand eczema patients (by general practitioner or dermatologist) will visit the department several times for diagnostics (patch testing) and initial therapy. Only when these patients have a diagnosis of severe or very severe recurrent vesicular hand eczema, prove refractory to standard therapy, and avoidance of irritants and allergens does not give significant improvement (ie, meet the key inclusion criteria), they will be approached at the outpatient clinic to participate in the study. Patients will be extensively informed about the trial.
It is the responsibility of the investigator, or a person designated by the investigator, to obtain written informed consent from each individual participating in this study after adequate explanation of the aims, methods, objectives and potential hazards of the study. It will also be explained to patients that they are completely free to refuse to enter the study or to withdraw from it at any time for any reason. Patients will be given a period of 1 week to consider participation before they are asked to sign the informed consent form.
Treatment of subjects
Interventions
Group I will receive an oral alitretinoin capsule of 30 mg once daily for a total of 24 weeks. In a dose-finding study, the effectiveness and tolerability of this dose was established and it is recommended to use this as the standard dose for the prescription of alitretinoin in hand eczema.5 6 16
Group II will receive oral cyclosporine tablets twice daily in a dose of 5 mg/kg/day (split in two doses) and decrease this dose after 8 weeks to 3–3.5 mg/kg/day (split in two doses).17
Dosage reduction is allowed in both groups in case of abnormal findings on physical examination, laboratory markers and/or adverse events. For alitretinoin, dose can be reduced from 30 mg/day to 10 mg/day, in accordance with the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) text.16 For cyclosporine, in case of increased creatinine levels >30% of baseline, laboratory measurement should be repeated after 2 weeks. If creatinine levels are still increased at least >30%, dosage will be reduced with the recommended 30%–50%.15 Developing hypertension should be re-evaluated with at least three measurements (if necessary by the general practitioner). If repeated values of a systolic pressure >160 mm Hg or diastolic pressure >105 mm Hg are found, the general practitioner will be requested to start an antihypertensive drug (preferably calcium channel blockers).15 18
Preparation and labelling of the study drugs will be carried out according to usual practice by the community pharmacy, honouring Good Manufacturing Practice guidelines. Medication will be dispensed and used in the same way as in routine clinical practice, according to (among other regulations) their marketing authorisations.
Use of concomitant medication
All patients will be given an emollient cream with instructions to apply it frequently (advice: minimum two times a day). One week before the first intake of study drugs, concomitant treatment with a topical class II corticosteroid (eg, triamcinolone acetonide ointment 0.1%) at maximum is permitted when needed, with a maximum application of one finger-tip-unit (FTU) for each hand daily.19 This also applies for concomitant topical corticosteroid therapy during the study period. High-potency topical corticosteroids are not allowed as maintenance therapy.
Generally prohibited concomitant treatments during therapy comprise systemic corticosteroids, other retinoids, any other systemic or topical anti-eczema therapy, phototherapy, immunosuppressive or cytostatic drugs.
Alitretinoin specific prohibited concomitant treatment: vitamin A supplements, tetracyclines and azole antimycotics. St John’s wort should not be taken because of a possible interaction with hormonal contraceptive drugs. This could possibly result in a pregnancy, which is absolutely contraindicated because of the teratogenic nature of alitretinoin.16
Cyclosporine specific prohibited concomitant treatment: medicines that are substrates for the multidrug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein or the organic anion transporter proteins. This could result in elevated plasma concentrations, which are associated with serious and/or life-threatening events, for example, bosentan, dabigatranetexilate and aliskiren.
Inductors of CYP3A4 and/or P-glycoprotein will probably lead to a decrease of cyclosporine plasma concentrations. Examples of these are barbiturates, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, nafcilline, intravenous sulfadimine, probucol, orlistat, St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), ticlopidine, sulfinpyrazon, terbinafine and bosentan. Rifampicine induces metabolism of cyclosporine in the intestines and liver. Octreotide decreases oral absorption of cyclosporine.
Inhibitors of CYP3A4 and/or P-glycoprotein can increase cyclosporine plasma concentrations. Examples of these are nicardipine, metoclopramide, methylprednisolone (high doses), allopurinol, cholic acid and derivatives, protease inhibitors, imatinib, colchicine and nefazodon.
Other drugs that increase cyclosporine plasma concentration are macrolide antibiotics, azole antimycotics, verapamil, telaprevir, amiodarone, danazol, diltiazem and lercanidipine. Furthermore, grapefruit and grapefruit juice can have an increasing effect on cyclosporine plasma concentration.
Also prohibited are drugs that result in an increased risk for nephrotoxicity when combined with cyclosporine, such as aminoglycosides (including gentamycin, tobramycin), amphotericin B, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, trimethoprim (+sulfamethoxazole); fibric acid derivatives (eg, bezafibrate, fenofibrate); non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (including diclofenac, naproxen, sulindac); melphalan, histamine H2-receptor antagonists (eg, cimetidine, ranitidine), methotrexate.
The dosage of statins needs to be decreased when treatment with cyclosporine is started because of a possible increase in plasma concentration of statins.17
Escape medication
In case of an exacerbation or postponed treatment effect, patients are allowed to receive a maximum of three courses of rescue medication: mometasone furoate ointment once daily for 1 week, with a maximum application of one FTU for each hand daily.19
Outcome measures
Primary outcome measure
Severity of hand eczema
The PGA, based on a validated Photoguide developed by Coenraads et al, covers five degrees of severity (clear, almost clear, moderate, severe, very severe) and takes into account the intensity of clinical signs and percentage of hand surface involved.14 Response to treatment is defined as an improvement of ≥2 steps on the PGA. Very severe hand eczema is defined as responding to treatment if a status of at least ‘moderate’ is achieved. Severe hand eczema is defined as responding to treatment if a status of at least ‘almost clear’ is achieved.
In this study, the main endpoint is the between-group difference in response to treatment between baseline and 24 weeks of treatment.
Secondary outcome measures
Severity of hand eczema
Between-group difference in response to treatment between baseline and 12 weeks of treatment.
Between-group difference in mean change between baseline and weeks 4, 8, 12 and 24, assessed by the Hand Eczema Severity Index (HECSI) score.20 The HECSI is a physician-rated measurement instrument for severity, based on clinical symptoms only. It includes erythema, fissures, vesicles, scaling, oedema, papules and measurement of the affected area. The score ranges from 0 to 360, with a higher score indicating more severe hand eczema.
Between-group difference in time to response (time to first PGA improvement of ≥2 steps). This is only measured at control visits so possible outcome is limited to 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks. This will be corrected using statistical methods (see statistical paragraph).
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs):
Quality of life
Between-group mean change in quality of life between baseline and 12 and 24 weeks, assessed by the Quality Of Life in Hand Eczema Questionnaire (QOLHEQ). The QOLHEQ is a multi-domain disease-specific instrument for hand eczema assessing impairments in quality of life. The score ranges from 0 to 120, with 120 indicating worst quality of life.21 22
Patient-reported improvement
Between-group difference in patients reporting improvement as ‘clear or almost clear’ compared with baseline at weeks 12 and 24, assessed by Patient Global Assessment (PaGA). The PaGA takes signs and symptoms into account. It covers six degrees of improvement: ‘clear or almost clear’ (at least 90% clearing of disease signs and symptoms compared with baseline), ‘marked improvement’ (at least 75% clearing), ‘moderate improvement’ (at least 50% clearing), ‘mild improvement’ (at least 25% clearing), ‘no change’ or ‘worsening’.6
Safety and tolerability
Adverse events in both groups will be registered.
Cost-utility and cost-effectiveness
Between-group difference in mean quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) will be measured by the EQ-5D-5L score at baseline, week 12 and week 24. The EQ-5D-5L is a measure for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and utility values. The EQ-5D-5L questionnaire includes a descriptive system, which comprises five dimensions of health: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Moreover, it includes a visual analogue scale (VAS), which records the respondent’s self-rated health status on a graduated (0–100) scale.23
Direct medical costs will be determined using standardised prices for consultation, treatment (medication; alitretinoin or cyclosporine, topical treatment with corticosteroids and emollients, if necessary oral or topical treatment with antibiotics), diagnostic tests, laboratory measurements, visits to the general practitioner for hand eczema and hospital admissions (inpatient and/or daycare). Included patients will be asked to keep track of how much they spend on over-the-counter medication and other products for their hand eczema (out-of-pocket costs). Direct non-medical costs, consisting of travel costs, will be determined using average travel costs to the hospital as determined by relevant Dutch guidelines on cost-studies in healthcare.24 25
Indirect costs, consisting mainly of productivity loss, will be also be calculated using tables from the guidelines with average income of Dutch workers stratified by age and gender, corrected for shift working/irregular working hours.24
Other study parameters
The following parameters will be registered: age, sex, body mass index, current and/or previous atopic dermatitis (both defined by U.K. Working Party criteria),26 age of onset of atopic dermatitis, age of onset of hand eczema, work/activities (based on risk professions as named in the European Guideline on hand eczema),4 current use of statins, current use of thyromimetics, currently smoking and amount of pack-years. Pack-years are calculated by multiplying the total years smoked with the average packs per day smoked over these years.27 For this, the online Smoking Pack Years Calculator, created by Dr N J Masters and C Tutt, will be used.28
Study procedures and overview
Procedures part of standard medical treatment
According to daily practice, a detailed patient history is obtained of all newly referred patients with hand eczema and they are planned for patch testing to exclude contact allergy. During this first period, patients are treated with topical corticosteroids and emollients. A structured education programme by a nurse on provoking factors and treatment is provided. If a relevant contact allergy is ruled out and the hand eczema proves to be refractory to topical therapy and/or UV therapy, the next step is systemic therapy. These patients are a candidate for the current study if they are diagnosed with severe or very severe recurrent vesicular hand eczema.
Laboratory analysis is performed to verify contraindications for alitretinoin or cyclosporine. During therapy, standard monitoring of blood values is carried out, according to SPC texts and current guidelines. At every visit, the PGA for severity is determined and the hand eczema is scored using the HECSI, corresponding to daily practice. Furthermore, HRQoL is scored with a Dutch version of the QOLHEQ at the start of therapy, at week 12 and week 24.
Standard laboratory tests to be performed include:
Alitretinoin: at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24, laboratory tests are carried out, including full blood count, ASAT, ALAT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), serum creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), T4 and glucose. Also, a urine pregnancy test will be carried out.
Cyclosporine: at weeks 0, 4 and 12, laboratory tests are carried out, including full blood count, potassium, magnesium, ASAT, ALAT, ALP, γ-GT, bilirubin, LDH, albumin, serum creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol and triglycerides.
At weeks 4 and 12, cyclosporine trough levels will be determined.
At weeks 8 and 24, serum creatinine will be determined.
Procedures extra for this study
Patients will be given 1 week to consider participation. Due to this, a maximum of one extra visit is needed to randomise the patient and obtain baseline data. The PaGA one-item questionnaire will be obtained at weeks 12 and 24. This procedure is only extra in terms of obtaining a quantitative assessment of the qualitative report that a patient provides in daily practice.
Patients will be asked to keep track of out-of-pocket costs on products for their hand eczema. During each visit, patients will be asked for direct and indirect medical and non-medical costs. Furthermore, the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire is obtained at weeks 0, 12 and 24, which is extra compared with daily practice.
Serum Thymus and Activation-Regulated Chemokine (TARC/CCL17) will be determined at all visits to study whether this chemokine is a suitable biomarker for hand eczema severity and/or disease activity over time.
No diagnostic procedures or other treatments will be postponed for patients participating in this study.
In table 1, a systematic overview of the study is presented.
Table 1Study schedule
| Visit | V1 Screening | V0 Baseline | V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 |
| Week | −1 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 24 |
| Screening/baseline | ||||||
| Check for clinical eligibility (inclusion/exclusion) | x | |||||
| Sign informed consent | x | |||||
| Randomisation | x | |||||
| Baseline data/demographics/medical history/baseline costs | x | |||||
| Laboratory exclusion criteria post-randomisation | x | |||||
| Start medication | x | |||||
| Treatment | ||||||
| Escape medication assessment | x | x | x | x | ||
| If applicable: dosage alteration assessment | x | x | x | x | ||
| Efficacy | ||||||
| Severity scoring PGA/HECSI | x | x | x | x | x | |
| Quality of life questionnaire QOLHEQ | x | x | x | |||
| PaGA of improvement | x | x | ||||
| Costs | ||||||
| Cost assessment | x | x | x | x | x | |
| Cost-utility questionnaire EQ-5D-5L | x | x | x | |||
| Safety | ||||||
| Laboratory control | x | x | x | x | x | |
| Concomitant medication | x | x | x | x | x | |
| Adverse events | x | x | x | x | ||
| Blood pressure measurement (cyclosporine only) | x | x | x | x | x | |
| If applicable: premature withdrawal assessment | x | x | x | x | x | |
Patients are permitted to deviate from the schedule with a maximum of 7 days during weeks 0–8. From week 9, a maximum deviation of 14 days is permitted.
HECSI, Hand Eczema Severity Index; PaGA, Patient Global Assessment; PGA, Physician Global Assessment; QOLHEQ, Quality of Life in Hand Eczema Questionnaire.
Safety
Alitretinoin
Main risks in the alitretinoin group are16:
Teratogenicity of the study drugs.
Occurrence of allergic/anaphylactic reactions.
Depression with anxiety, mood changes and suicidal tendencies.
Sunburn.
Xerostomia, xerosis cutis.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, keratitis, blurred (night) vision, cataract. Care must be taken when driving a vehicle or when operating machines.
Myalgia, arthralgia, increase of creatine kinase (CK)values.
Exostosis, ankylosing spondylitis.
Headache.
Blushing.
Increase of cholesterol and triglycerides, with ultimately pancreatitis.
Decrease of TSH and T4.
Increased liver transaminases.
Decrease in effective dose of simvastatin.
Change at scarring or dermatitis during therapy and 6 months after in case of aggressive dermabrasion or epilation.
Anaemia.
Epistaxis.
Alopecia.
Benign intracranial hypertension (rare and most seen in combination with tetracyclines).
Inflammatory bowel disease (rare).
Vasculitis (rare).
Alitretinoin is a derivative of vitamin A. Alitretinoin has been administered in oncological clinical studies at dosages of more than 10 times the therapeutic dosage given for chronic hand eczema. The adverse effects observed were consistent with retinoid toxicity and included severe headache, diarrhoea, facial flushing and hypertriglyceridaemia. These effects were reversible.
It can be concluded that the (reversible) effects can be properly managed.
Cyclosporine
Main risks in the cyclosporine group are17:
Renal toxicity.
Hepatotoxicity.
Hypertension, flushing.
Nausea/vomiting, abdominal discomfort.
Headache.
Diarrhoea.
Anaemia, thrombocytopenia.
Leucopenia.
Hyperlipidaemia.
Hyperkalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyperuricaemia, hyperglycaemia.
Tremor, convulsions, paraesthesia.
Hirsutism/hypertrichosis.
Acne.
Myalgia.
Muscle cramps.
Tiredness.
Gynaecomastia.
Occurrence of allergic/anaphylactic reactions.
Pre-existing infections may also be aggravated and reactivation of polyomavirus infections may lead to polyomavirus-associated nephropathy or to John Cunningham (JC) virus-associated progressive multifocal leukopathy. Serious and/or fatal outcomes have been reported.
Increased risk of lymphomas and other malignancies (mainly when combining multiple immunosuppressive drugs).
Increased risk of infections.
Decreased effect of live vaccinations.
Experience with acute overdosage of cyclosporine is limited. Oral doses of cyclosporine of up to 10 g (about 150 mg/kg) have been tolerated with relatively minor clinical consequences, such as vomiting, drowsiness, headache, tachycardia and in a few patients moderately severe, reversible impairment of renal function. However, serious symptoms of intoxication have been reported following accidental parenteral overdosage with cyclosporine in premature neonates.
In all cases of overdosage, general supportive measures should be followed and symptomatic treatment applied. Forced emesis and gastric lavage may be of value within the first few hours after oral intake. Cyclosporine is not dialysable to any great extent, nor is it well cleared by charcoal haemoperfusion.
It can be concluded that the (reversible) effects can be properly managed.
Withdrawal of individual subjects
Subjects can leave the study at any time for any reason if they wish to do so, without any consequences. The investigator can decide to withdraw a subject from the study, or to stop treatment, for medical reasons. Specific criteria for withdrawal are:
Evidence of pregnancy.
Occurrence of serious adverse events.
Lack of efficacy at 12 weeks, defined as no improvement assessed by the PGA (at least one step improvement is necessary to continue treatment after 12 weeks).
Use of prohibited concomitant therapy, or a need for their use.
The need for more than three courses of rescue medication.
Anaphylactic reaction or other severe systemic reaction to study drug intake.
Diagnosis of malignancy during study, excluding non-metastatic cutaneous squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma and/or localised carcinoma in situ of the cervix.
Any infection that is opportunistic and other infections whose nature or course may suggest an immunocompromised status.
Administration of a living vaccine.
Developing hypertension (minimally three measurements). Systolic pressure >160 mm Hg or diastolic pressure >95 mm Hg, despite starting antihypertensive medication.15
Severe laboratory abnormalities including:
ALAT and/or ASAT values >300% of the upper limit of normal.
Triglycerides >9 mmol/L.
Creatinine increase of >30%, despite dose reduction.
Intercurrent severe illness or major surgery.
Protocol violations or if the requirements of the protocol are not respected.
Patient lost to follow-up.
Serious adverse events and suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions
A serious adverse event (SAE) is any untoward medical occurrence or effect at any dose that:
Results in death.
Is life threatening (at the time of the event).
Requires hospitalisation or prolongation of existing inpatients’ hospitalisation.
Results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity.
Is a congenital anomaly or birth defect.
Any other important medical event that may not result in death, be life threatening or require hospitalisation may be considered a serious adverse experience when, based on appropriate medical judgement, the event may jeopardise the subject or may require an intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed above.
Unexpected adverse reactions are suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions if the following three conditions are met:
The event must be serious (see SAE).
There must be a certain degree of probability that the event is a harmful and an undesirable reaction to the medicinal product under investigation, regardless of the administered dose.
The adverse reaction must be unexpected, that is to say, the nature and severity of the adverse reaction are not in agreement with the product information as recorded in the SPC texts.
Randomisation, blinding and treatment allocation
Randomisation is carried out by a computer program (ALEA, http://www.aleaclinical.eu). Patients will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to the two treatment arms. We will use block randomisation with a random block size of 4 or 6 (random generated blocks). No stratification will be done. This is a study with blinded efficacy assessors, who are unaware of treatment allocation. The participants and treating physician will be aware of treatment allocation. Efficacy assessment will be carried out by one main blinded assessor and a second assessor in case the first assessor is unable to be present. These assessors are trained by the primary investigator and are experienced in assessing hand eczema by PGA and HECSI in daily practice. The first assessor is expected to perform around 95% of all assessments. Blinding will be broken after analysing the data.
Statistical analyses
Hypothesis and sample size calculation
This trial is designed to demonstrate a superior response to cyclosporine compared with alitretinoin in the treatment of severe recurrent vesicular hand eczema. Response to treatment is defined as an improvement of ≥2 steps on the PGA, based on a validated Photoguide developed by Coenraads et al 14 at 24 weeks of treatment. A sample size of 31 in each group will have 80% power to be able to reject the null hypothesis of no difference between alitretinoin and cyclosporine, using a χ2 test with a two-sided 0.05 significance level. In this calculation, we use the following assumptions: randomisation ratio is 1:1, and we expect the percentage of responders in the alitretinoin group to be 33%.6 From a retrospective study and other case studies, we estimate 68% responders in the cyclosporine group.7 We anticipate a drop-out of maximally 15% of randomised patients; a small percentage prior to first application of study drugs due to excluding laboratory measurements and a larger percentage during follow-up, mainly due to subjective side effects. We therefore plan to include 72 patients in total, 36 in the alitretinoin group and 36 in the cyclosporine group.
This was calculated with the sample size calculator of the Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Canada, available online (http://www.stat.ubc.ca/~rollin/stats/ssize/b2.html).
For all analyses, we will use Bonferroni adjustment if necessary.
Primary analysis
Severity of hand eczema
Between-group difference in response to treatment between baseline and 24 weeks of treatment. For comparison of proportions in the alitretinoin and cyclosporine group, a χ2 test, or Fisher’s exact test if appropriate, will be used. Presenting the data as ORs derived from logistic regression analysis will be considered as an alternative reporting method.
Secondary analyses
Severity of hand eczema
Between-group difference in response to treatment between baseline and 12 weeks of treatment. For comparison of proportions in the alitretinoin and cyclosporine group, a χ2 test will be used.
Between-group difference in mean change between baseline and weeks 4, 8, 12 and 24, assessed by the HECSI score. This will be reported graphically. For comparison of mean change between the alitretinoin and cyclosporine group at weeks 12 and 24, Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test will be used, depending on distribution of data.
Between-group difference in time to response (time to first PGA improvement of ≥2 steps compared with baseline). Because this outcome measure is interval-censored, the cumulative incidence of ‘response’ will be analysed using actuarial life table analysis and weighted log-rank tests for interval censored data; in particular the group proportional hazards model29 and a generalised Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test,30 which emphasises early events. The exact permutation value for the scores of the group proportional hazards model will be calculated, along with Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests and the non-parametric maximum-likelihood estimate of the survival distribution function.31
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs):
Quality of life
Between-group mean change in quality of life between baseline and 12 and 24 weeks, assessed by the QOLHEQ. Clinically relevant improvement is defined as an absolute improvement of 15 points (theoretically corresponding to an improvement of ≥1 point on 50% of the questions) compared with baseline. For comparison of proportions of patients rated as having clinically relevant improvement in the alitretinoin and cyclosporine group, a χ2 test will be used.
Patient-reported improvement
Between-group difference in patients reporting improvement as ‘clear or almost clear’ at weeks 12 and 24, assessed by PaGA. For comparison of proportions of patients rated as ‘clear or almost clear’ in the alitretinoin and cyclosporine group, a χ2 test will be used.
Safety and tolerability
Descriptive statistics will be used to present adverse events.
Cost-utility and cost-effectiveness
For both groups (alitretinoin and cyclosporine), the mean EQ-5D scores overall and of each dimension will be reported. Results from the descriptive system of the EQ-5D-5L will be converted to a utility index value, a population-based (social) value specific for the Netherlands. With this value, Dutch utility values will be calculated in order to determine the QALYs over the study period. Mean values of the EQ-VAS will be reported with a 95% CI. For comparison of means, Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test will be used, depending on distribution of data.
The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio will be calculated and reported as €/QALY.
A regression model will be used to estimate the association between QALYs and the PGA.
Handling of missing data
All analyses will be based on the intention-to-treat principle to guard against attrition bias. Subjects might want to withdraw because the study drug works insufficient and they might also want to withdraw when their hand eczema is cured.
Missing values will be handled in a way that is dependent on assumptions about the missing data. If the extent and pattern of missing data is known (eg, missing at random, missing completely at random, missing not at random), an analysis will be chosen that is valid under a plausible assumption about the missing data (probably mixed models). This is according to a strategy proposed by White et al.32
Data handling
Data will be handled confidentially. Data derived from the questionnaires and other paper source documents will be coded using sequential administration numbers. A subject identification code list is used to link the data to the subjects. The code is not based on the patient initials and birth date. The code will be safeguarded by the principal investigator (MLAS). The documents will be stored in a locked room. The digital source data will be saved in subsections of the subject’s medical file. These data will be accessible to the principal investigator and the investigator, and also to other treating physicians. Data will not be accessed by the blinded efficacy assessors. All data will be recorded in electronic case report forms (eCRFs) in Utopia (software for electronic data capture) developed by the Trial Coordination Centre, linked to the University Medical Centre Groningen. The eCRFs will only be accessible with the username and password of the responsible investigator.
Data will be saved for 15 years after completion of this study.
All the data will be saved in accordance with the Dutch Personal Data Protection Act.
Monitoring
A certified monitor will carry out monitoring of this study. The monitor will get read-only access to the digital and paper documents of participants. The goal of this monitoring is to review if
The rights and well-being of subjects are being protected.
The reported data are right and fully reproducible.
The execution of the study is in accordance with this protocol and relevant legal requirements.
Data safety monitoring board
No data safety monitoring board (DSMB) is established since this study will be conducted corresponding to daily practice. In case of life-threatening diseases, usually the implementation of a DSMB is indicated from an ethical point of view. However, hand eczema is a non-critical indication. Frequent laboratory assessments will reduce the possibility of SAEs to a minimum. The patient population in this clinical trial exists of legal competent adults and the study drugs alitretinoin and cyclosporine are well-investigated, well-characterised drugs.
Patient and public involvement
In the Netherlands, there is no patient association exclusively for patients with hand eczema. However, multiple patients with hand eczema are members of the association of atopic dermatitis patients (‘De Vereniging voor Mensen met Constitutioneel Eczeem’, www.vmce.nl). This association has 1500 members and a website with up to 2000 hits a day. One committee member and two patients from this organisation contributed to our study design by participating in a focus session concerning all aspects of our study, but in particular PROMs, logistics from a patient perspective and patient-friendliness of the study. These patients also participated in composing and refining the patient information material. Before and after the study, the website and newsletter of the patient association is used to announce start (drawing attention to the study) and end (announce results) of the study.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethics
The study will be conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (seventh revision, Fortaleza, Brazil, October 2013), in accordance with the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO) and also in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice Guidelines (ICH-GCP).
In this trial, both groups are treated with a drug, known to be beneficial to hand eczema in a considerable amount of patients. So the intended benefit of both study drugs is to reduce the severity of hand eczema.
We hypothesise that cyclosporine has a superior efficacy compared with alitretinoin in severe chronic recurrent vesicular hand eczema. If this hypothesis is confirmed, there could be a practical as well as a financial implication. Practically, more responding patients to cyclosporine lead to a greater beneficial effect on hand eczema in this patient group. Financially, cyclosporine is a lot less expensive than alitretinoin. If cyclosporine shows superior efficacy in severe recurrent hand eczema, this could lead to an official registration. This, in turn, could mean a decrease in financial burden for the treatment of patients with severe recurrent vesicular hand eczema in the population.
We deem the overall risks for patients participating in this study to be acceptable because of the tight inclusion and exclusion criteria (ensuring a relatively healthy study population), combined with regular laboratory assessments to enhance safety monitoring. Furthermore, prior experience with both study drugs in daily practice has improved our capability to manage risks. The remaining risk is therefore small and does not differ from regular daily practice.
The authors would like to thank K M Vermeulen for her valuable contributions to the health economics component of this protocol and the patient advisors who contributed to the design of the study.
Contributors JAFO and MLAS contributed equally to this work. JAFO and MLAS conceived this trial. JAFO drafted and MLAS revised the study protocol and this manuscript. JAFO and MLAS read and approved the final version of the study protocol and this manuscript. MLAS is principal investigator of this trial.
Funding This research is supported by a grant provided by the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, project no. 848015010).
Competing interests Both authors have received honoraria for services rendered to GlaxoSmithKline, wholly unrelated to this study.
Patient consent Not required.
Ethics approval This protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethical Review Board of the University Medical Center Groningen (reference METc 2015/375).
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement The study is designed honouring the Centrale Commissie Mensgebonden Onderzoek (CCMO) statement on publication policy. The results will be made public unreservedly; they will be offered for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. In a publication, all data will be handled anonymously.
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; Marie Louise Anna Schuttelaar 1 1 Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands