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© 2021. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

The rise of the citizen security paradigm has complemented, rather than curtailed, authoritarian legacies in Latin America and the Caribbean. Notably, criminal justice and law enforcement policies continue to feed a wave of mass incarceration, evidenced in a dataset on incarceration in 21 countries for 1995–2020. El Salvador stands out as a unique case study, with the second-highest incarceration rate in the world. We analyze four key mechanisms driving mass incarceration in the country—increasing discretionary arrests, diluting due process guarantees, escalating criminalization, and harshening of sentences—, and unpack its uses and effects. Mass incarceration has criminalized transgressive identities and the poor, strengthened gangs organizationally, made gangs’ criminal activity more complex, and turned them into significant actors in Salvadoran political life. These effects are hallmarks of El Salvador’s notoriously failed “mano dura” strategy and pose major obstacles for desistance from crime and violence, as well as reentry after incarceration.

Alternate abstract:

El ascenso del paradigma de seguridad ciudadana ha venido a complementar, en vez de sustituir, los legados autoritarios en América Latina y el Caribe. En particular, las políticas de justicia criminal y seguridad pública siguen alimentando una ola de encarcelamiento masivo, evidenciado en un conjunto de datos sobre encarcelamiento en veinte países para 1995–2020. El Salvador se distingue como un estudio de caso único, con la segunda tasa de encarcelamiento más alta del mundo. Analizamos cuatro mecanismos clave que fomentan el encarcelamiento masivo en el país —incremento de detenciones arbitrarias, dilución de garantías del debido proceso, criminalización escalada y endurecimiento de penas—, e indagamos sus usos y efectos. El encarcelamiento masivo ha criminalizado identidades transgresoras y la población pobre, fortalecido las pandillas como organizaciones, vuelto más compleja la actividad criminal de las pandillas, e impulsado su transformación en actores determinantes en la vida política salvadoreña. Estos efectos son distintivos del notorio fracaso de la “mano dura” en El Salvador y supone graves obstáculos a la desistencia del crimen y la violencia, así como la reinserción después del encarcelamiento.

Details

Title
Set up to fail: The politics, mechanisms, and effects of mass incarceration
Author
Bergmann, Adrian; Gude, Rafael
Pages
43–59
Section
Research Article
Publication year
2021
Publication date
Aug 2021
Publisher
Universidad de Los Andes, UNIANDES Journals (Revistas UNIANDES)
e-ISSN
26194880
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2598092046
Copyright
© 2021. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.