Population structure and habitat use of gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) in Wof-Washa Forest (Gosh-Meda Area), Central Ethiopia

Abstract

Background

Gelada baboon is one of the endemic mammals of Ethiopia residing in different highlands. The population structure and habitat use of gelada baboon in Wof-Washa particularly Gosh Meda area was investigated from September 2016 to August 2017. Total counting method was used to collect data on the population status by dividing the study area in to four blocks, namely, Kundi, Arbgebeya, Goshber, and Goshmeda. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The age-sex category and the numbers of geladas found within the different blocks were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and paired t test was also used to analyze the pair wise comparison of the different age and sex categories during both dry and wet seasons.

Results

A total of 435 and 471 gelada baboons were counted during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The maximum group size consisted of 178 individuals whereas the minimum group size contained 53 individuals. Out of the total population adult females accounted for 54.7% in the wet and 54.56% in the dry seasons. There was a significant difference among the age-sex categories in both the wet (F_{2 432} = 630, P < 0.05) and dry (F₂₄₆₈ = 696.6, P < 0.05) seasons. The male to female ratio was 1:5.7 during wet season and 1:5.8 during dry season. So that the population will have a better chance to increase in the study area.

Conclusion

Wof-Washa Forest could be a good site for eco-tourism activities due to the presence of endemic animals and its scenic beauty. However, the quality of the habitat is decreasing due to livestock grazing, agricultural expansion, and invasion of exotic plants species. Therefore, appropriate conservation measures should be implemented to conserve gelada baboon in particular and other wildlife resources in general.

Background

Gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) are one of the endemic species of Ethiopia (Dessalegn and Afework 2014) and the only extant genus Theropithecus (Dunbar 1998). Geographically, they are confined to the elevation of montane grassland of Ethiopia (Habtamu and Subramanian 2013). The central and the northern highlands of Ethiopia are the well-known dwelling places for them. Moreover, another different population of gelada is found in south of the Rift Valley in Arsi (Mori and Belay, 1990). The areas preferred by geladas to live are highlands that are commonly cooler and less arid than lowlands. This makes geladas be less exposed to the negative effect of dry season in terms of food availability (Habtamu and Subramanian 2013). The rocky cliffs where geladas spend the night time provide protection from predators while the grasslands around them serve as foraging areas (Dunbar 1977).

Gelada baboons are covered with dark brown hair. They have a face with pale eyelids, arms and feet which are black, a shorter tail compared to their body which contains a branch of hair at the end. The back side of the male geladas contains a long heavy cape of hair (Habtamu and Subramanian 2013). Geladas are distinguished from other baboons in that they have shorter jaws, longer face, a bulging cheek, and a snub snout which is alike to the snout of chimpanzee (Radek et al. 2014). The bright red patch on the chest of geladas makes them distinguished and called as bleeding heart baboons. The presence of a greater degree of sexual dimorphism in which males are larger than females is the other distinguishing feature of the extant genus Theropithecus (Iwamoto 1993) (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Adult male and female gelada baboon

Geladas have social system which is greatly complex, with a strong female instinct and a stable, maternally inherited dominant hierarchy (Radek et al. 2014). Those females in one-male unit are believed to have more close relations to each other (Eshetu and Balakrishnan 2015). There are three levels of organizations in the social structures of geladas. Out of these levels, primary level of organization is the commonest one. It contains one-male unit in which the reproductive male is the leader, 1–12 reproductive females, 1 or more follower males and their dependent offspring, and all-male unit which contains 2–15 young adults and sub-adult males. The band which is composed of the multiple unit and all-male units having members that sleep and forage together is the second level of organization (Snyder-Mackler et al. 2012). The band consists of 30 to 270 individuals that is, about 10 reproductive units and 1 all-male unit. The one-male unit is the reproductive and social unit in gelada society while the band is the ecological and genetic unit and the herd is the foraging unit. The reproductive and the all-male groups share a common home range (Dunbar 1986). The herd consists of 2–60 reproductive units sometimes which are from different bands that overlap extensively (Crook 1966; Dunbar 1986).

Larger number of gelada baboons is found in the Simien Mountains National Park (Beehner et al. 2008). Those that are found in protected areas are well studied. However, the gelada baboons in Wof-Washa (Gosh Meda) have not been considered. Due to this reason, no comprehensive population estimate was carried out and no information is found to compare the number of geladas with those that live in other protected areas. Therefore, studying the population status and habitat use of geladas in Wof-Washa particularly in Gosh-Meda gives first-hand information for concerned bodies. Hence, the purpose of this study is to estimate the population structure and identify habitat use of gelada baboon in Wof-Washa Forest (Gosh Meda), Central Ethiopia.

Methods

Study site

Wof-Washa Forest is located in the central highlands of Ethiopia in Amhara Region North Shoa Zone. It is found between Ankober, Tarmaber, and Basona Worana districts (Eyosias and Teshome 2015). It is situated at a distance of 30 km and 160 km from Debre Berhan and Addis Ababa, respectively (Demel and Tamrat 1995). It is situated between 9° 44′ and 9° 46′ N latitude and 39° 44′ and 39° 47′ E longitude. The area coverage of the forest is about 82 km² (Brnesh et al. 2015) (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2 Location map of Wof-Washa Forest

The altitude of the area ranges from 2000 to 3730 m.a.s.l. Its topography is characterized by extremely steep slopes whereby the forest is located on the east side of the mountains (Eyosias and Teshome 2015). The area is also found on the division site forming the base for the Blue Nile and Awash rivers. Hence, Wof-Washa is the best water catchment area as it contains more than seven streams that flow to Awadi which is the main tributary of Awash (Demel and Tamrat 1995). The soil type is black and compact clay soil on the flat highlands and bottom of wide valleys whereas on the mountain and valley slopes and on better drained highlands is reddish-brown and heavy loam soil (Demel and Tamrat 1995).

The mean annual rainfall is 1400 mm, and it has a bimodal type of distribution having a long wet season (from July to September). On the other hand, Wof-Washa has a mean annual temperature with a minimum of 10 °C and a maximum of 20 °C. However, the range lies between − 5 °C and 35 °C (Brnesh et al. 2015).

Wof-Washa Forest is characterized by dry montane mixed broad leaved and conifer forest (EWNHS 2010). It can be categorized into three zones described as the upper Afromontane Erica arborea which includes tree heath (Erica arborea), Curry bush (Hypericum revolutum), Lobelia (Lobelia spp.), dominant woody trees which include African pencil cedar (Juniperus procera), Yellow wood (Podocarpus falcatus), Olive (Olea europaea subsp.), plains muhly (cuspidata), Hagenia (Hagenia abyssinica), and Forest velvet false-currant (Allophylus abyssinica) and Wild olive (Olea africana) which is dominant species in the southern part of the forest being separated by farm lands (Demel and Tamrat 1995).

Mammals like Menelik’s bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus meneliki), Colobus monkey (Colobus gureza), duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia), gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada), grivet (Chlorocebus aethiops), European hare (Lepus europaes), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), rock hyrax (Procavia capensis), golden jackal (Canis aureus), klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus), leopard (Pantra pardus), Olive baboon (Papio anubis), porcupine (Histrix cristata), wild cat (Felis silvestris), and different rodent species are found (Demel and Tamrat 1995). Bird species like francolin (Francolinus pondicerianus), guinea fowl (Numida maleagris) (Demel and Tamrat, 1995), and other highland birds including the endemic Ankober serin (Serinus striolatus) are also found (EWNHS 2010).

Data collection

Population count

The study was carried out from September 2016 to August 2017. Total count method was used to count the population of gelada in the study area. Total count is the most effective method to determine the population size of geladas as they live in open habitats that facilitate visibility and are highly mobile. Therefore, the suitability of the habitat to observe, the high mobility, the audibility of detectable cues, and the variability of group size across time of gelada baboons make total count method as the most effective technique (Beehner et al. 2008).

To count the population of gelada baboons, people were trained and assigned in each block. For each counting block, two trained guards were assigned in order to make more reliable and counting was carried out at the same time to avoid double counting. The time for counting was suitable from 8:00 to 12:00 in the morning shift during both the wet and dry seasons. The age and sex categorization was done based on the physical appearance of gelada baboons. Adult males are distinguished from others by their manes and about twice body size compared to adult females and sub-adult males. Adult females are different from sub-adult females by their larger size and again differ from sub-adult males in that the sub-adult males begin to grow manes. If the geladas were out of the above four categories, they were categorized as juveniles (Beehner et al. 2008). The mean group size of bands, OMUs, AMGs, and composition of OMU and AMG was also recorded. During data collection, the habitat type also recoded.

Data analysis

Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 computer software. The population status at different age and sex groups during both seasons was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Paired t test was used to compare the number of individuals in different age and sex groups.

Results

Population estimate

The total number of gelada baboons recorded during the wet season was 435, and the dry season was 471 (Table 1). The average number of gelada baboons during the study period was 453. There was no a significant difference in the number of individuals recorded during the wet and dry seasons (χ2 = 2.6, df = 3, P > 0.05).

Seasons	Block-1	Block-2	Block-3	Block-4	Total
Wet	80	53	129	173	435
Dry	107	54	132	178	471
Mean	93.5	53.5	130.5	175.5	453

Gelada baboons were observed in different habitat type of the study area. A total of 403 and 389 individuals were counted from the open grassland during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. On the other hand, the least (12) recorded was from plantation forest during both seasons (Table 2). The distribution of gelada baboons in the three habitat types showed a slight variation between wet and dry seasons. However, this variation was not statistically significant (χ² = 4.2, df = 2, P > 0.05).

Seasons	Open grassland	Erica woodland	Plantation forest	Total
Wet	389	34	12	435
Dry	403	56	12	471
Mean	396	45	12	453

Age and sex structure

There was no statistically significant difference among the various age and sex groups of gelada baboons counted during wet and dry season (χ² = 0.04, df = 4, P < 0.05) (Table 3).

Age and sex	Wet	Dry
AM	39	41
AF	238	257
SAM	15	16
SAF	70	76
Unidentified juvenile	73	81
Total	435	471

The age and sex of the total population included 8.97% adult males, 54.7% adult females, 3.45% sub-adult males, 16.1% sub-adult females, and 16.78% unidentified sex juveniles. There was a significant difference among the different age and sex groups that were counted during the wet season (F2432 = 630, P < 0.05). The pairwise comparison of the different age and sex groups through paired t test showed that, the number of adult females was significantly different from the number of adult male (t = 3.76, df = 3, P < 0.05), sub-adult male (t = 3.96, df = 3, P < 0.05), sub-adult female (t = 4.33, df = 3, P < 0.05), and unidentified sex juveniles (t = 3.91, df = 3, P < 0.05) in wet season. On the other hand, during dry season, 54.56% was accounted by adult females while sub-adult males accounted 3.4% which was the least. The rest 17.2%, 16.14%, and 8.7% of the population were accounted for juveniles, sub-adult females and adult males, respectively. There was a significant difference among the different age and sex groups counted during the dry season (F 2468 = 696.6, P < 0.05).

The age and sex ratio of adult male to adult female were the highest during both the wet (1.00:6.1) and the dry (1.00:6.3) seasons in the study area (Table 4).

Season	Age and sex ratio
	AM:AF	SAM:SAF	M:F	SAM:AM	SAF:AF
Wet	1.00:6.1	1.00:4.67	1.00:5.7	1.00:2.6	1.00:3.4
Dry	1.00:6.3	1.00:4.75	1.00:5.8	1.00:2.56	1.00:3.38

1. AM adult male, AF adult female, SAM subadult male, SAF subadult female

Group size

During the wet season, the mean group size of OMU was 17 ± 1.2 while that of AMU was 3.75 ± 1.21. The band had a mean group size of 79 ± 1.14 (Table 5).

Blocks	OMU size	AMU size	Band size
Kundi	20	3	58
Arbgebeya	12	3	53
Goshber	16	3	75
Goshmeda	20	6	130
Mean ± SD	17 ± 1.2	3.75 ± 1.21	79 ± 1.14

Furthermore, during the dry season, the mean group size of OMU was 15 ± 1.18. AMU was found to be 4 ± 1.2 whereas the band contained a mean group size of 71.5 ± 1.14 (Table 6).

Blocks	OMU size	AMU size	Band size
Kundi	16	3	54
Arbgebeya	10	3	54
Goshber	16	3	68
Goshmeda	18	7	110
Mean ± SD	15 ± 1.18	4 ± 1.2	71.5 ± 1.14

Discussion

In the course of this study, the total number of geladas baboons counted in the study area during the season was 435 while that of the dry season was 471. There was variation in the total number of geladas counted during wet and dry seasons. Variation in the number of geladas counted in the wet and dry season was also observed in the study of Kassahun and Afework (2017). This variation might be due to the fact that most of the time, the births of young geladas occur after the wet season (Dessalegn and Afework 2014). During the wet season, the farmers cultivate their farmland and chase the gelada baboons to the nearby cliff. Moreover during this season, the climatic condition was somewhat cloudy to properly see the gelada baboons. The above two cases might be the reason for the variation in the number of geladas recorded during the wet and dry seasons.

The age and sex categories were dominated by adult females both during wet and dry seasons. Unequal age and sex ratio was also observed the study of Zewdu et al. (2013). This may be due the reason that sub-adult males are highly sensitive to predation pressure by leopards and dogs. According to Kassahun and Afework (2017), the number of adult females in Debre Libanos was larger than other age and sex categories, and this was closer to the variation observed in the current study area. The ratio of adult males to adult females was 1:6.1 and 1:6.3 in wet and dry seasons, respectively. Adult females also had a ratio of 1:3.3 during the wet season and 1:3.2 during dry season to juveniles. This ratio was almost twice of that was found by Habtamu and Subramanian (2013) in Simien Mountains National Park. During the wet season, the ratio of male to female was 1:5.7 while that of the dry season was 1:5.84. On the other hand, the ratio of adult male to adult female was larger than the ratio of males to females during both seasons. The dry result was similar to the ratio obtained by (Hailu B: Population estimate and structure of gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) in Guassa Community Conservation Area, Central Ethiopia, unpublished) in Menz Guassa whereas the wet season result was a little bit opposite. This might be because of the reason that there was one adult male for many adult females due to the OMU group organization of gelada baboons in the study area.

The mean group size of OMU was 17 ± 1.2 during the wet season and 15 ± 1.2 during the dry season while that of the band was found to be 79 ± 1.14 during the wet season and 71.5 ± 1.14 during the dry season. This revealed that the mean number of OMU per band was 4.2 and 4.8 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. During the wet season, the mean group size of AMU was 3.75 ± 1.2 and that of the dry season was 4 ± 1.2. In general, the mean group size was smaller than the one observed by (Hailu B: Population estimate and structure of gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) in Guassa Community Conservation Area, Central Ethiopia, unpublished) in Menz Guassa which was 18 and 18.4. This might be due to the presence of smaller habitats in the present study area. The mean group size in the present study relatively decreases during dry season which is in contradiction to the result earned by Beehner et al. (2008) in Simien Mountains National Park. The smaller mean group size can be due to lack of food abundance during dry season that results in splitting of the group for foraging. According to Beehner et al. (2008), troop size increases during dry season due to the fact that there will not be spatial restriction. On the contrary, group size increases during wet but decreases during dry season (Ankle-Simons, 2007).

Majority of the gelada baboons were counted from the open grassland habitat type both during the wet and dry seasons. The grasses found in the open grassland habitat type were the best reasons for the geladas to be there. The Erica woodland was the next preferable habitat type both during wet and dry seasons although there were a relatively larger number of geladas during the dry season seen in this habitat. This could be still due to the relatively more availability of food in this habitat than the plantation forest. According to Hunter (2001), geladas spent more time in open plateau habitats in Simien Mountains National Park.

Conclusion

Wof-Washa Forest could be a good site for eco-tourism as endemic animals and beautiful scenic geography are included in the area. However, the quality of the habitat is getting poorer and poorer due to livestock grazing, agricultural expansion, and invasion of exotic plants like eucalyptus tree. Therefore, the area should be managed with active participation of the local community to ensure sustainable utilization of the resource.

Abbreviations

AMU: All-male unit

ANOVA: Analysis of variance

OMU: One-male unit

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