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Received: 18 June 2019
Received in revised form: 6December 2019
Accepted: 23 December 2019
Keywords
bio-based solvent, mangosteen pericarp, phenolic compound, antioxidant activity, in vitro bioactivities
Abstract
Mangosteen pericarp (MP), an abundant agro-food waste in Thailand, can be used to produce polyphenols. In the present work, the effects of bio-based solvents (virgin coconut oil, VCO; propylene glycol, PG; glycerol, and water) in comparison with organic solvents (ethanol and hexane) on extraction and in vitro bioactivities of phenolic compounds from MP were evaluated. Solvents strongly influenced the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, and antidiabetic activity of the extracts. Overall, a-mangostin and y-mangostin were the major phenolic constituents found in all extracts. PG was the optimal solvent yielding the highest TPC and TFC with a broad spectrum of phenolic profiles and rendering the extract with the highest antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, and antidiabetic activity. However, the antibacterial activity of the extract was enhanced when VCO was used. Thus, bio-based solvents, particularly PG, were suitable for the recovery of active phenolic compounds form MP.
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Introduction
Polyphenols are the most abundant phytochemicals with several important bioactivities and their demand have significantly increased in the global market. Typically, phenolic compounds can be extracted from the fruits, leaves, roots, and inedible plant materials e.g. peels. Peel fractions from some fruits showed higher antioxidant activity than the pulp fractions. Arazo et al. (2011) reported that mangosteen pericarp (MP) exhibited higher antioxidant activity than its pulp. Generally, MP accounts for approximately 60% of the waste from mangosteen-based processing from wine, jam, puree, and fresh cut production. A variety of phenolic compounds e.g. condensed tannins, anthocyanins, xanthones, and other phenolic compounds have been identified from MP. The xanthone group, enriched in MP, particularly a- and y-mangostin, exhibited antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity (Suksamram et al, 2002; Pothitirat et al, 2009), antidiabetic activity (Adnyana et al, 2016) and other bioactivities such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic, neuroprotective activity, anti-ulcer, antimalarial, anti-acne, cytoprotective activity, anticancer, and histamine receptor blockers (Zarena and Udaya Sankar, 2009a; Chen et al., 2018). Due to its pharmacological activities and its large quantity, the MP extract is popularly applied as a functional ingredient for...