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http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10681-016-1815-y&domain=pdf
Web End = Euphytica (2017) 213:60DOI 10.1007/s10681-016-1815-y
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10681-016-1815-y&domain=pdf
Web End = Plant breeding: past, present and future
John E. Bradshaw
Received: 6 October 2016 / Accepted: 4 December 2016 / Published online: 6 February 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2017
Abstract Plant breeders can help farmers increase food production by breeding new cultivars better adapted to their chosen farming systems, but these must be capable of providing the necessary plant inputs for the required levels of crop production in 2050. Until 200 years ago the farmers themselves were the plant selectors. Plant domestications, extensive crop dispersions and farmers selections produced thousands of locally adapted landraces of cultivated plants. During the twentieth century these were largely replaced by relatively few high yielding cultivars and the natural habitats of many of their wild relatives became endangered. Hence in situ and ex situ conservation, and evaluation and use of plant genetic resources is vital for future plant breeding. The development of scientic breeding from the beginning of the twentieth century was based on understanding the mechanism of inheritance and the mating systems of crop plants. The types of genetically uniform, high yielding cultivars that have been bred from genetically heterogeneous landraces were determined by the mode of
reproduction and mating system of the cultivated plant species: inbred line (wheat) and hybrid (rice) cultivars for inbreeding species, hybrid (maize) cultivars for outbreeding species, and clonal (potato) cultivars for vegetatively propagated species. When genetically heterogeneous crops are desired, mixtures of cultivars and synthetic cultivars can be produced. Future progress in crop improvement will come from three complementary approaches: use of hybridization and selection in further conventional breeding, base broadening and introgression; mutation breeding, cisgenesis and gene editing; and genetically modied crops.
Keywords Farming systems Food production GM
crops Hybridization and selection Mutation
breeding Plant genetic resources
Introduction
I had a 34 years career from 1975 to 2009 as a plant breeder and geneticist at what is now the James Hutton Institute in Dundee, Scotland. Plant breeders starting a 34 years career in 2016 will be nishing in 2050, when food production and food security will pose bigger challenges than today. The United Nations predicted in 2011 that by 2050 the global human population will have risen to 9.0 billion,...