1. Introduction
Cadmium (Cd) pollution of agricultural soil is an increasing problem, and poses a great risk to the growth and development of crops and human health. Reducing the content of heavy metals in edible parts of crops has been a hot topic in the field of plant nutrition and the environment. Tobacco is the most widely cultivated non-food cash crop. Additionally, tobacco has been considered a Cd hyperaccumulator in recent years [1,2]. Therefore, in addition to Cd accumulation in the human body from food and the environment, tobacco is the main source of Cd exposure, especially for smokers [3]. The results of several studies are alarming: they all show that smoking can cause significant Cd accumulation in the body and cause multiple organ dysfunction [4,5]. In addition to active abstinence from smoking, the development of tobacco with low Cd content may be an effective strategy to control the accumulation of Cd in smokers.
The SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like (SPL) gene family is a special class of transcription factors in plants. It plays a key regulatory role in plant growth and development and stress resistance [6]. The SPL transcription factors are involved in the regulation of plant growth and development processes, such as tillering and branching in wheat [7], glandular trichome initiation in Artemisia annua L. [8], and flowering in cassava [9]. In addition, many studies have shown that SPL transcription factors mediate plant responses to salt stress [10], high temperature [11], low temperature [12,13,14], and other abiotic stresses. In fact, plant SPL transcription factors play a crucial role in maintaining metal ion homeostasis in plants. For example, the miR157-SPL-CNR module negatively regulates the tomato response to iron deficiency [15]. AtSPL7 is involved in regulating the copper deficiency response of Arabidopsis thaliana [16,17]. Recent studies have found that OsSPL7 regulates the expression of OsNRAMP5-mediated Cd accumulation in rice [18]. However, the mechanism of SPL’s role in regulating the absorption and transport of metal ions remains unclear in tobacco.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs with a length of 18–30 nt that are widely found in plants and animals. On the basis of sequence complement, miRNAs directly act on the mRNA of the target gene and negatively regulate the expression of the target gene through cleavage, inhibition of translation, and DNA methylation [19]. Therefore, miRNAs play an important regulatory role in the growth and development of plants and their response to the external environment [20]. It is important to study the biological functions of miRNAs in regulating the plant response to heavy metal stress to further understand the molecular mechanism of metal metabolism in plants. With the development and wide application of high-throughput sequencing technology, many plant species, including Sedum alfredii, Brassica juncea, Medicago truncatula, and other Cd hyperaccumulators have been studied for miRNAs related to heavy metal responses [21]. The results of such studies suggest that miRNAs are involved in regulating the plant response to heavy metal stress. The results of miRNA transcription data showed that Cd could change miR156 expression patterns in Chinese cabbage, which affects the Cd tolerance of different varieties of cabbage [22]. Overexpression of miR156 in Arabidopsis transgenic plants significantly reduces the accumulation of Cd, and enhances Cd stress tolerance in transgenic plants [23]. In fact, there is sufficient evidence that miR156 performs biological functions by regulating SPL genes. However, the mechanism by which miR156-SPL modulates the plant response to Cd stress has not yet been studied.
Since members of the SPL transcription factor family show pleiotropic functions in plants, genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family has been performed in many plants, including tea plant [24], alfalfa [10,25], Setaria italica [26], Fraxinus mandshurica [27], Ziziphus jujuba [28], Chenopodium quinoa [29] and sugarcane [30]. In these studies, the functional diversity of SPL transcription factors was revealed and they played an important role in resisting external stress. However, there have been no reports on the genome-wide identification of the NtSPL gene family. In this study, basic information on NtSPL gene family members was extracted from the genome of tobacco variety TN90, and phylogenetic tree analysis, gene structure analysis, promoter cis-acting element prediction, and targeting relationship prediction between miR156 and NtSPL were performed. Finally, qPCR was used to assay the tissue expression patterns of some NtSPL genes and their expression patterns under Cd stress. These results provide an important basis for revealing the regulation of the miR156-NtSPL module on Cd uptake and accumulation in tobacco.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Identification and Sequence Analysis of the NtSPL and Nta-miR156 Gene Family
The completed whole genome data of the tobacco cultivar TN90, including amino acid sequences and functional annotations of all the proteins were downloaded from the NCBI database (
Sequence information of miR156 family members from a total of six species of Arabidopsis, rice, maize, tomato, oilseed rape, and tobacco was downloaded from the PmiREN 2.0 database (
2.2. Phylogenetic Analysis
The 42 tobacco NtSPL proteins, 17 Arabidopsis AtSPL proteins [34], 15 tomato SlySPL proteins [35], and 22 M. truncatula MtSPL proteins [36] were compared by MUSCLE multiple sequence alignments using MEGA 11 software, and a maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was then constructed using the LG protein model with other parameters set to default. The classification of the tobacco NtSPL gene family was based on the classification method of the tomato SlySPL gene family. Finally, the phylogenetic tree was visualized using the EvolView online website (
2.3. Multiple Sequence Alignment Analysis and Motif Composition and Gene Structure
Multiple sequence alignment of the NtSPL gene family was performed using the MUSCLE algorithm in JalView 2.11 software [38], followed by visual analysis of the multiple sequence alignment results using JalView 2.11 software, which was used to construct a consistent sequence of NtSPL family members [39]. The online MEME tool (
2.4. Prediction of Cis-Acting Elements
The 1500 bp sequence upstream of the CDS of the NtSPL gene was extracted as the promoter sequence using the Gtf/Gff3 Sequences Extract program in the Tbtools 1.108 tool, and the extracted promoter sequence was submitted to the PlantCARE online website (
2.5. Predictive Analysis of NtSPL Gene Family miRNAs
To better understand the miRNAs regulating NtSPL gene expression, we submitted the mRNA sequences with NtSPL genes to the psRNATarget online server (
2.6. NtSPL Expression Patterns by Transcriptome Data
To investigate the expression patterns of the NtSPL gene family in different tissues of tobacco, the raw transcriptome data (PRJNA208209) was downloaded from the NCBI database (
All RNA-seq data were first quality assessed using FastQC, followed by quality control cleaning, and the relative expression level TPM values of the NtSPL gene family were obtained by further computational analysis of the transcriptome data based on tobacco genomic data through Kallisto 0.46.2 software for gene expression [47]. Finally, the HeatMap tool of TBtools 1.108 was used for visualization.
2.7. Plant Materials and Heavy Metal Treatments
Seeds of tobacco variety TN90 were sown in uncontaminated nutrient soil and incubated at 25 ± 2 °C with 65–75% relative air humidity, 2000 lux light intensity, and a 16/8 h light/dark cycle. Two-week-old tobacco seedlings were transplanted into 1/2 Hoagland solution for 7 days. The solution in the hydroponic tank was then replaced with a fresh Hoagland solution containing 50 μM CdCl2. Tobacco seedlings were incubated with the above treatments for 7 days. The leaves and roots of the tobacco seedlings were then harvested in stages. Plant samples were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a −80 °C refrigerator for subsequent plant RNA extraction.
To analyze tissue expression profiles, we collected five tissue samples, including roots, stems, old leaves, young leaves, and flowers, from 4-month-old tobacco plants grown in their natural environment. All samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C until total RNA was isolated. Each group included three biological replicates and technical replicates.
2.8. Analysis of the Pattern of NtSPL Gene Expression
RNA was extracted from the above plant material according to the instructions of the RNAsimple Total RNA Extraction Kit (Catalog No. DP419 and DP424) from Tiangen, Beijing, China. cDNA was synthesized from the first strand of the plant samples according to the GoScriptTM Reverse Transcriptase Kit from Promega, Madison, USA, and the synthesized cDNA was used for subsequent qPCR analysis. Three tobacco seedlings were used in each group for RNA extraction experiments.
qPCR was performed on the CFX96TM real-time fluorescence quantification platform using SYBR green luciferase (Novoprotein, Suzhou, China) with a reaction program of 45 cycles of 95 °C for 1 min; 95 °C for 15 s; and 60 °C for 30 s. The qPCR primers for the Nta-miR156 and NtSPL gene family were designed by Primer Premier 6.0 (Table S1). Tobacco NtEF1α (accession number: AF120093) was used as an internal reference gene [48], and the tissue expression profile of the NtSPL gene family and the relative expression of the NtSPL gene family under Cd stress were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method [49].
3. Results
3.1. Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of NtSPL Genes
According to the HMM search results, 42 candidate genes were obtained from the tobacco NtSPL gene family. Among them, 40 NtSPL genes have a completely conserved SBP structural domain (PF03110), and interestingly, the two genes NtSPL2b and NtSPL4g lack the complete SBP domain.
To further understand the evolutionary relationships between NtSPL genes and SPL genes in other species, we constructed ML phylogenetic developmental trees using SPL protein sequences from Arabidopsis, tobacco, and tomato (Figure 1) to further elucidate the evolutionary relationships of SPL genes in tobacco. All NtSPL genes were assigned specific names based on the phylogenetic relationships with their more closely related tomato SlySPL genes. The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that the 96 SPL proteins were clustered into eight different taxa (named G1–G8) (Figure 1). Among them, the large subclade G7 contained 11 NtSPL genes, which were mainly divided into two subclade members, NtSPL3 and NtSPL4. Notably, tobacco NtSPL17a and NtSPL17b are separately clustered as the G6 large subclade, and may be the NtSPL genes specific to the evolutionary development of tobacco.
In this study, we characterized the protein sequences and physicochemical properties of NtSPL family members. The range of the NtSPL gene CDS lengths was 357~3003 bp, and the range of the encoded NtSPL protein lengths was 119~1001 amino acids. The range of the NtSPL protein molecular weights was 13.7~111.3 kDa, and the range of the theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of the proteins was 5.09~9.65. In addition, the predicted subcellular localization results showed that all NtSPL genes were localized in the nucleus, with six genes, NtSPL2a, NtSPL2c, NtSPL7a, NtSPL7b, NtSPL10a, and NtSPL10b, predicted to be localized not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm (Table S2).
3.2. Multiple Sequence Alignment of NtSPL Proteins
The differences between the 42 NtSPL proteins were analyzed using multiple sequence alignment, and the results of multiple sequence alignment (Figure 2) showed that all NtSPL transcription factor family member except NtSPL2b and NtSPL4g contains a highly conserved SBP domain consisting of 79 amino acid residues. They all contain two zinc finger structures Cys-Cys-His-His (C2H2), and Cys-Cys-His-Cys (C3H), and a nuclear localization signal (NLS). Among the NtSPL proteins, NtSPL7a and NtSPL7b have an N-terminal zinc finger structure of Cys4 (C4), which is different from the other tobacco NtSPL members. Notably, the lack of the NLS nuclear localization signal in the SBP domains of the NtSPL2b and NtSPL4g genes may prevent them from performing normal physiological functions.
3.3. Conserved Motifs and Gene Structure Analysis of NtSPL Genes
A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the protein sequence of NtSPL, and the gene family was divided into eight groups. Group G7 was the largest with 11 members, but groups G3 and G6 had only two NtSPL members (Figure 3a). We further analyzed the conserved motifs of NtSPL family genes and identified 12 motifs using MEME software with default parameters (Figure 3b). As expected, all NtSPL proteins except NtSPL2b and NtSPL4g contain Motif1, the SBP structural domain, consisting of approximately 79 amino acids. Notably, except for the G1 and G8 subfamilies, the NtSPL genes contain only Motif1, which is relatively more conserved. Most closely related members of the same subfamily have a common motif composition, and members in the G1 and G8 subfamilies possess some structural domains that are absent or atypical in other subfamilies. The differential distribution of these conserved motifs may be responsible for the differences in gene function.
The evolution of the tobacco NtSPL gene family was further explored by studying the intron-exon structure of tobacco NtSPL genes. The results showed that the number of intron structures in the NtSPL gene family ranged from 1 to 10 (Figure 3c). The G8 subfamily had the highest number of introns, with an average of 9.3 introns; the G7 subfamily contained only one intron; the G1, G2, G5 and G6 subfamilies contained only two introns; and the G3 and G4 subfamilies contained intron numbers ranging from 1 to 4.
3.4. Cis-Acting Elements in the Promoter Regions of NtSPL Genes
To better understand the potential regulatory mechanisms of NtSPL genes in tobacco in regard to abiotic stress responses, phytohormone responses, and growth and development, we further analyzed the upstream 1.5 kb promoter of the tobacco NtSPL genes. Fourteen elements involved in plant growth and development, plant hormone response, plant defense, and stress-related elements were screened in the NtSPL promoter and classified into three categories. These elements are irregularly scattered in the promoter regions of NtSPL family genes and are unique (Figure 4 and Table S3).
A variety of hormone-related cis-acting elements were identified in the promoter region of the NtSPL gene, including the GARE-motif/P-box/TATC-box element associated with gibberellin, the TCA-element element associated with salicylic acid, the ABRE associated with abscisic acid and the TGACG-motif element associated with MeJA. Among them, ABREs and TCA elements were widely distributed in the NtSPL promoter sequence, indicating that abscisic acid and salicylic acid are widely involved in the regulation of NtSPL genes. These results suggest that phytohormones may play an important role in the regulation of NtSPL gene expression.
The plant meristem-associated component CAT-box is mainly found in the tobacco NtSPL3, NtSPL4, and NtSPL6 subfamilies. The cis-regulatory element circadian, which is involved in the regulation of plant circadian rhythms, is present in a small number of the NtSPL genes in tobacco, namely, NtSPL3a, NtSPL4g, NtSPL6a, and NtSPL2c. Similarly, the HD-Zip1 element involved in plant leaf cell differentiation was present only in NtSPL4f. These results suggest that NtSPL gene expression plays an important role in plant growth and development.
The anaerobic-inducible regulatory-associated element (ARE) is also widely present in the promoters of NtSPL family genes, especially in the promoter regions of NtSPL6b and NtSPL12b, which contain three AREs. In addition, among environmental stress-related factors, the low-temperature response element LTR, the drought-inducible element MBS, and TC-rich repeats, elements involved in plant defense and stress responses, were widely distributed in NtSPL genes. Interestingly, the response plant wound healing element Wun-motif was present only in NtSPL17b. These results suggest that the expression of NtSPL genes may be correlated with external environmental factors. Notably, the above three related cis-acting elements were not found in the promoter of NtSPL7a or NtSPL7b, indicating the possible existence of other different regulatory pathways.
3.5. Nta-miR156 Multiplex Sequence Alignment
The miR156 family in tobacco is a superfamily containing 20 members with nomenclature ranging from Nta-miR156a to Nta-miR156t. The multiple sequence alignment results showed that the mature sequences of tobacco miR156 family members are highly similar, and some sequences are even identical. The results showed that the entire tobacco miR156 family has only 20 bases for the three mature sequences Nta-miR156f, Nta-miR156r, and Nta-miR156l, 22 bases for Nta-miR156e and Nta-miR156h, and 21 bases for the rest of the miR156 members (Figure S1). In tobacco, mature miR156 was classified into five groups based on core sequences at positions 2–21. Group I has 14 members with a mature core sequence of 5′-UGACAGAAGAGAGAGUGAGCAC-3′. Group II has three members, Nta-miR156i, Nta-miR156p, and Nta-miR156q, with a mature core sequence of 5′-UGACAGAAGAGAGAGAGAGCAC-3′. Groups III, IV, and V each have one member, Nta-miR156f, Nta-miR156r, and Nta miR156l, respectively, and their core sequences differ from those of all other miR156 members.
To further understand the differences between miR156 in tobacco and other species, the sequence conservation patterns of Nta-miR156 (20 members) and the five model species (63 members) were mapped by the WebLogo tool. These model species included Arabidopsis (10 members), maize (13 members), rice (13 members), oilseed rape (20 members), and tomato (7 members). Based on the analysis, the core sequence 5′-UGACAGAAGAGAGUGAGCAC-3′ at bases 2–21 of the tobacco miR156 family and other model species miR156 families is highly conserved (Figure S1).
3.6. Analysis of miR156 and Its Target Sequences
Many studies have shown that most SPL genes are regulated by miR156 and that miR156 target sites are located in the coding region or 3′UTR. To investigate the posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism of tobacco NtSPL, we predicted the targeting relationship of Nta-miR156 and NtSPL online through the psRNATarget online server. The results showed that 28 NtSPL genes were potential targets of miR156, and these genes were mainly distributed in the G1, G2, G4, G6, and G7 subgroups. NtSPL with potential targets of miR156 in the coding region belonged to the G1, G2, G4, and G6 subgroups, while those with targets in the 3′UTR belonged to the G7 subgroup (Figure S2).
Since the core of the targeting relationship is the complementary pairing of bases, the targeting relationship of the five groups of Nta-miR156 is demonstrated by a Venn diagram (Figure 5a). Group I Nta-miR156 has a total of 25 target genes, of which only one is unique to that group and 18 are shared with Nta-miR156i/p/q (Group II). The other six target genes of Group I were common to Nta-miR156r (Group IV), which also shared one target gene with Nta-miR156f (Group III) and two target genes with Nta-miR156l (Group V).
The Sankey plot clearly demonstrates the distribution between the five Nta-miR156 groups and their target genes (Figure 5b), with Group I and Group II targeting most of the NtSPL target genes. In the binding relationship between Nta-miR156 and the target gene NtSPL (Figure 5c), Nta-miR156 is bound very tightly to the mRNA of the NtSPL gene. Bases 1, 22, and 23 of the Nta-miR156 sequence are rarely involved in target binding to the NtSPL gene, while bases at position 15 and adjacent positions may be critical for differences in targeting relationships.
3.7. Expression Pattern Analysis Based on Transcriptome Data
The results of NtSPL gene expression in eight different tissues showed that NtSPL12a, NtSPL12b, NtSPL12d, NtSPL12e, NtSPL12f, and NtSPL7a were highly expressed in all tissues of tobacco. Interestingly, the tobacco NtSPL4a gene was barely expressed in the roots, however, it was highly expressed in all other tissues. Among the NtSPL genes, NtSPL2c, NtSPL2d, NtSPL4b, NtSPL4e, NtSPL4g, NtSPL8c, NtSPL17a, and NtSPL17b had a tissue-specific expression, and all of them were expressed at relatively low levels (Figure S3).
3.8. Tissue-Specific Expression Profiles of NtSPL Family Genes
To reveal the tissue expression patterns of the NtSPL family genes, tissue samples of tobacco roots, stems, old leaves, young leaves, and flowers were collected in this study, and the relative expression levels of the NtSPL family genes in the five tobacco tissues types were quantified using qPCR. The expression results showed that NtSPL2a, NtSPL3a, NtSPL4a, NtSPL10a, NtSPL13a, and NtSPL17a were all highly expressed in the young leaves, and NtSPL2a, NtSPL3a, NtSPL4a, and NtSPL13a were also highly expressed in the old leaves (Figure 6). It was clear that all eight NtSPL genes had relatively high expression in tobacco flowers. Interestingly, only NtSPL6a was expressed at a relatively high level in roots, while the remaining seven NtSPL genes were expressed at a relatively low level in roots. In addition, all NtSPL genes except NtSPL2a and NtSPL6a were relatively highly expressed in tobacco stems, with NtSPL15a and NtSPL17a having the highest relative expression in stems.
3.9. Heavy Metal Stress-Induced Expression Profiles of NtSPL Family Genes
To analyze the relationship between the expression of Nta-miR156 and the NtSPL family genes in tobacco under external heavy metal Cd stress, the relative expression data of Nta-miR156 and NtSPL under exposure to 50 μM Cd2+ stress for different times were determined. The results showed that the expression of Nta-miR156 was significantly upregulated in tobacco in both aboveground parts and roots under 1 to 3 days of Cd stress (Figure 7). Interestingly, under heavy metal Cd stress, only the expression level of tobacco NtSPL4a was negatively correlated with the expression level of Nta-miR156. The results suggest that Nta-miR156 may further maintain plant endostasis by regulating the gene expression level of NtSPL4a in response to heavy metal Cd stress.
4. Discussion
SPL transcription factors regulate morphogenesis [50,51], growth and development [52], secondary metabolite biosynthesis [53,54], and Cu homeostasis [55] in plants. Additionally, previous studies have revealed that SPL genes are involved in mediating plant responses to abiotic stresses [56]. To date, genome-wide identification and characterization of the SPL gene family have been documented in crops, including rice, grape, and citrus [34,57,58]. However, genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family remains unclear in N. tabacum. In the present study, 42 NtSPL genes were identified from the tobacco cultivar TN90, and the evolutionary relationship, gene structure, cis-acting elements, and miR156 target gene prediction of NtSPL family genes were comprehensively analyzed. Additionally, qPCR was used to analyze the expression levels of NtSPL genes in different tissues and in tobacco under Cd stress.
SPL family is a family of plant-specific transcription factors that exist in both Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and higher plants [59]. It is generally assumed that plant SPL family genes originate from green algae, and the SPL family genes of land plants are divided into two classes: Class I SPL proteins are characterized by four conserved Cys residues in the zinc finger structure of the N-terminus, while in Class II SPL proteins, the fourth Cys is replaced with His [60]. Based on the SPL family gene sequences of A. thaliana and tomato, the 42 members of the tobacco NtSPL gene family were clustered into eight branches in the evolutionary tree (Figure 1). The G3 subgroup contains four members, NtSPL7a/7b, AtSPL7, and SlySPL7, all of which belong to Class I SPL proteins due to the C4 conserved motifs (Figure 2). The other seven subfamily members in tobacco were classified as Class II SPL proteins. The phylogenetic tree was consistent with the results in C. quinoa, Fagopyrum tataricum, and Malus × domestica Borkh [29,61,62], which suggested a similar convergent evolutionary pattern of the SPL family in plants.
The functional diversity of SPL family genes may be related to the differences in gene structure in plants. There are significant differences in exon-intron patterns among members of the NtSPL gene family in the tobacco plant (Figure 3), which may be caused by intron and exon loss after gene replication [60]. In addition, the motif composition of NtSPL was similar in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree, which indicated that duplicated SPL gene pairs exist in tobacco as in other species [63]. However, there were differences in motif composition in different branches of the tobacco NtSPL gene family, suggesting that these genes perform different biological functions. Although the functions of most SPL genes have been reported to be related to the regulation of plant growth and development, some SPL genes that maintain metal homeostasis are noteworthy in plants. The AtSPL7 gene in the G3 group binds to the GTAC motif (Cu-responsive element) in the miR398 promoter to regulate Cu homeostasis in A. thaliana [17,64]. The Sly-CNR gene in the G8 group negatively mediates the iron deficiency response by regulating the expression of the Fe homeostasis-related transcription factor bHLH101 in tomato [15]. In addition, AtSPL7 showed a response to Cd stress [65]; thus, this protein may be independently involved in the regulation of Cd tolerance and the accumulation of miR156 [23]. Therefore, the study of the regulation of metal homeostasis by G3 and G8 subfamily members of NtSPL family genes in tobacco is worth investigating in the future.
The cis-acting element analysis revealed that NtSPL family genes were widely involved in a variety of physiological processes, including plant growth and development, plant hormone responses, and plant stress responses. We analyzed 14 cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of NtSPL family genes and found that the promoters of fourteen NtSPL genes contained a CAT box, which is a regulatory element associated with meristem expression. SPL transcription factors mediate the establishment of meristem boundaries in plants [66]. Among all the regulatory elements related to the hormone response, ABREs related to the ABA response were the most abundant in the NtSPL gene promoter region, which is consistent with the results in other species including tea plant and apple [62,67]. A recent study reported that SPL directly activated the expression of ABA-responsive genes through interaction with abscisic acid-sensitive 5 (ABI5) [68]. The P-box, a regulatory element responding to gibberellin, is widely present in the promoter region of NtSPL genes (Figure 4). There has been evidence that the GA signaling pathway protein DELLA mediates axillary meristem (AM) growth and controls collateral formation by regulating SPL9 expression [52]. Anaerobic inducible associated elements (AREs) are the most prevalent cis-acting elements associated with the stress response in the promoter region of NtSPL genes (Figure 4). The SBP domain gene Crr1 is involved in inducing gene expression in response to anaerobic stress in C. reinhardtii [69]. In addition, several stress response-related elements including LTRs, TC-rich repeats, and MBSs, exist widely in NtSPL gene promoter regions, suggesting that NtSPL plays an important role in mediating the plant response to abiotic stress.
It is well known that the miR156-SPL module is the regulatory center mediating various physiological processes in plants. In this study, 20 sequences of miR156 genes were isolated from the tobacco database, and divided into five groups based on the consistency of seed sequences (Figure S1). All miR156 miRNAs in Group I, which has the most members, contained the core seed sequence 5′-UGACAGAAGAGAGUGAGCAC-3′, while the mutation site in other groups was mainly located at the 15th base at the 5′-end of the miR156 seed sequence (Figure S1). This result was similar to previous studies [70]. In addition, only 28 of the 42 NtSPL genes contained the target site of miR156 (Figure 5). In A. thaliana, only 10 of the 17 SPL genes were targeted by miR156, and 7 of the 17 SPL genes in barley contained complementary sequences for miR156 [71]. The target site of miR156 is in the coding region of the NtSPL gene or 3′-UTR in tobacco (Figure S2), which is consistent with the results in M. truncatula and Z. jujuba [28,36]. These results indicate that the miR156 family of tobacco, similar to other species, maintains a high degree of conservation.
The NtSPL family genes showed different expression patterns in different tissues of tobacco plants. Based on the transcriptome data, the NtSPL family genes were classified into three types, including the constitutional high expression level type, tissue-specific expression type, and constitutional low expression level type (Figure S3). Most members of the NtSPL12 subfamily were constitutionally expressed and maintained relatively high expression levels (Figure 5), most likely because these genes are not targeted by miR156 [72]. The expression level of NtSPL2c remained low in tobacco tissues except in senscent flower, because the predicted results showed that three groups of miR156 genes targeted the NtSPL2c gene. Meanwhile, eight predicted miR156-targeted NtSPL genes were verified by qPCR, and the results showed that the expression levels of the eight genes were generally consistent with the results of the transcriptome data (Figure 6). These results confirm that miR156 plays a key role in the regulation of the miR156-targeted NtSPL gene in plant growth and development.
miR156 has been confirmed to regulate Cd accumulation and enhance Cd tolerance in transgenic A. thaliana plants [23]. In addition, a previous study showed that the expression levels of SPL genes could be induced in plants under Cd stress [29]. However, there is still no evidence that the miR156-SPL module mediates plant responses to Cd stress. Therefore, eight miR156-targeted NtSPL genes and miR156 expression patterns were investigated in tobacco plants under Cd stress in this study. The expression level of miR156 was significantly upregulated in the roots and shoots of tobacco plants under Cd stress (Figure 7). However, the expression patterns of eight putative miR156-targeted NtSPL genes were different. Among them, the expression pattern of NtSPL4a in tobacco showed a high negative correlation with the expression pattern of Nta-miR156 (Figure 7), suggesting that the mi156-NtSPL4a module is the key module for the tobacco plant response to Cd stress. These results provided a new candidate gene for the study of mi156 in mediating the plant response to Cd stress.
5. Conclusions
In this study, 42 SPL genes containing the SBP domain were identified in the tobacco variety TN90. The NtSPL gene family was divided into eight branches, and members of the same branch had similar domain compositions and intron-exon structures. The 20 members of Nta-miR156 from tobacco could be classified into five groups, and 28 of the 42 NtSPL genes were miR156-targeted genes. According to transcriptome data, the expression patterns of NtSPL family genes in different tissues of tobacco plants could be clustered into two types: tissue-specific and constitutional. The qPCR results showed that the expression pattern of the miR156-targeted NtSPL gene was tissue-specific, suggesting that miR156-NtSPL plays an important role in tobacco growth and development. Cd stress could significantly induce the expression of miR156, and the expression pattern of NtSPL4a showed an obvious opposite trend to that of miR156, suggesting that miR156-NtSPL4a might mediate the tobacco response to Cd stress. This study lays a foundation for further study of NtSPL gene function and provides new insights into the involvement of the NtSPL genes in the plant response to heavy metal stress.
Conceptualization, L.H. and W.L.; methodology, L.H., R.L. and X.P.; resources, W.L., R.L. and L.X.; software, L.H., X.P. and H.C.; data curation, L.H., X.P. and K.Y.; supervision, W.L.; validation, L.X. and F.Z.; visualization, L.H., X.P., H.C. and K.Y.; funding acquisition, W.L.; writing—original draft, L.H.; writing—review and editing, W.L., F.Z. and R.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Data are contained within the article and
The authors declare that they have no competing professional or personal interests that might have influenced the presentation of the work described in this manuscript.
Footnotes
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Enlarge this image.Figure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of SPL proteins from Arabidopsis, M. truncatula, Solanum lycopersicum, and Nicotiana tabacum. The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was constructed using full-length SPL protein sequences in MEGA 11. AtSPL is represented by green triangles, MtSPL by blue squares, SlySPL by purple circles, and NtSPL by red stars.
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. Multiple sequence alignment of SBP structural domains of the NtSPL gene family. (a) Multiple alignments of SBP structural domains of NtSPL proteins using Jalview software showing two conserved zinc finger structures (Zn-1, Zn-2) and an NLS. (b) Motif logo and protein sequence of the SBP domain and NLS segment, and the height of letters in each pair stack represents the relative frequency of the corresponding amino acids.
Enlarge this image.Figure 3. Conserved motifs and gene structures of the NtSPL gene family. (a) The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of 42 NtSPL proteins was constructed using MEGA 11; (b) Distribution of conserved motifs in NtSPL proteins. Different motifs are represented by the different colored boxes; (c) Exon-intron structure of the NtSPL gene. Lines represent introns, blue boxes represent UTRs, and red boxes represent exons.
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. Cis-acting elements of the NtSPL gene family. (a) The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of 42 NtSPL proteins was constructed using MEGA 11; (b) Frequencies of NtSPL cis-acting elements are indicated by numbers and shaded in different colors; (c) Distribution of NtSPL cis-acting elements on promoters.
Enlarge this image.Figure 5. Target gene prediction for tobacco Nta-miR156. (a) Venn diagram of the Nta-miR156 targeting relationships for the five groups. (b) Sankey diagram of the distribution of the five groups of Nta-miR156 with NtSPL target genes. (c) Target binding relationship between Nta-miR156 and NtSPL. The upper sequence pattern is the sequence Logo of 20 Nta-miR156 mature sequences, and the lower sequence pattern is the sequence Logo of NtSPL target genes with Nta-miR156 targeting regions. The solid line in the middle indicates a highly conserved base linkage in both patterns, while the dashed line indicates slightly less conserved base linkage.
Enlarge this image.Figure 6. The relative expression levels of NtSPL genes in different tobacco tissues. The expression data were obtained from the real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) analysis and are shown as log2 values calculated as averages. The expression level of NtSPL in the root is defined as 1 (log2 = 0). Data are presented as the means ± SD of three replicates. High expression levels are shown in red, and lower expression levels are shown in blue.
Enlarge this image.Figure 7. Relative expression levels of Nta-miR156 and NtSPL gene family in tobacco Roots and Leaves under Cd stress. Data are presented as the means ± SD of three replicates.
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at
References
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1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
2 College of Environmental Science & Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
3 School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China