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IF THE ABSENCE OF A SPECIFIC terminology to denote lesbianism in medieval Europe seems to have compromised the production of scholarship about same-sex love and desire among women, the existence of die label sahq and sihaqa, musahaqat al-nisa\ or sahiqa (Arabic words for "lesbianism" and "lesbian," respectively) in medieval Arabic writings did not result in a richer critical production. In fact, if relatively little research has been conducted on female same-sex desire in medieval Europe, even less has been produced on homosexuality in the medieval Arabic literary or Islamicate tradition, and almost no research at all has been done on medieval Arab Islamicate lesbianism.1 This state of scholarship into alternative sexual practices in the Arab Islamicate world is especially astonishing considering die survival of a noteworthy body of primary texts dealing precisely with this topic. Furthermore, if one broadens die category of medieval Arab lesbian to include women who were "lesbian-like," as Juditii Bennett has invited us to do in our construction of the history of Western female homosexuality, we uncover additional expressions of medieval Arab lesbian presence.2 For indeed, die cultural and social life of some women in certain medieval Arab courts, including dieir work and lifestyle, may well unveil unsuspected spaces in which same-sex activities might have occurred. If it is not always clear that these practices could be dubbed lesbian, they may well be considered lesbian-like.
MEDIEVAL ARAB LESBIANS
One might argue that the Arabic terms for "lesbianism" (sahq, sihaq, and sihaqa) and "lesbian" (sahiqa, sahhaqa, and musahiqa) refer primarily to a behavior, an action, rather than an emotional attachment or an identity. The root of these words (s-h-q) means "to pound" (as in spices) or "to rub," so that lesbians (sahiqat), like die Greek tribades, are literally those who engage in a pounding or rubbing behavior or who make love by pounding or rubbing. In fact, some medieval medical views of lesbianism, reported in die Arabic sexological tradition, point to rubbing as an essential cause of the practice. Galen, the second-century Greek physician whose own daughter was a lesbian, according to medieval Arabic writers, is supposed to have examined his daughter's labia and surrounding veins and to have concluded diat her lesbianism was due to "an itch between the major and...