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Definition and epidemiology
Box 1 Bullying screener Direct bullying refers to harming others by directly getting at them. It is done by one or a group of pupils repeatedly against some children at school. These children: Are threatened or blackmailed or have their things stolen
Are insulted or get called nasty names
Have nasty tricks played on them/are subject to ridicule
Are hit, shoved around or beaten up
Relational bullying refers to damage relationships between friends and destroy status in groups to hurt or upset someone. Over and over again some children at school: Get deliberately left out of get-togethers, parties, trips or groups
Have others ignore them, not wanting to be their friend anymore, or not wanting them around in their group
Have nasty lies, rumours or stories told about them
Cyberbullying is when someone tries to upset and harm a person using electronic means (eg, mobile phones, text messages, instant messaging, blogs, websites (eg, Facebook, YouTube) or emails) Have their private email, instant mail or text messages forwarded to someone else or have them posted where others can see them
Have rumours spread about them online
Get threatening or aggressive emails, instant messages or text messages
Have embarrassing pictures posted online without their permission
(Answered for A, B, and C separately on this 4-point scale)
How often have these things happened to you in the last 6 months? Never
Not much (1-3 times)
Quite a lot (more than 4 times)
A lot (at least once a week)
How often have you done these things to others in the last 6 months? Never
Not much (1-3 times)
Quite a lot (more than 4 times)
A lot (at least once a week)
Victims : Happened to them: quite a lot/a lot; did to others: never/not much
Bully/victims : Happened to them: quite a lot/a lot; did to others: quite a lot/a lot
Bullies : Happened to them: never/not much; did to others: quite a lot/a lot
Adapted from refs 3 8 12 13
Bullying is not conduct disorder
Bullying is found in all societies, including modern hunter-gatherer societies and ancient civilisations. It is considered an evolutionary adaptation, the purpose of which is to gain high status and dominance, 14 get access to resources, secure survival,...