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1. Introduction
Cash and voucher (C&V) modalities have many definitions that have the same common specifications, herein some of definitions due to different humanitarian organizations as following. Cash-transfer programming (CTP) in emergencies is one form of humanitarian responses that can be used to address basic needs and/or protect establish or re-establish livelihoods (IFRC and ICRC Guidelines for CTP). Transfer of resources using market mechanisms is a response to problem of “access” not “availability”, e.g. people cannot afford food, where there is no shortage (WFP). Cash transfers are assistance to beneficiaries in the form of cash payments, bank transfers or mobile money. Beneficiaries can meet their own needs in the marketplace (CaLP). In result, there are many kinds of humanitarian financial assistances mentioned under many modalities such as commodity voucher, cash-based transfer (CBT), CTP, C&V, value voucher and so on. Within this research, we will focus on voucher programmes as the main terminology that presents roughly all above-mentioned modalities. There are many reasons to choose voucher programmes as the core of this research. First, distinct kinds of vouchers allow variations in the level of commodities to be distributed and can provide goods and services as long as shops and service providers are functioning, guaranteeing the beneficiaries will receive the established amount of goods/services in the case of price fluctuation (DG ECHO, 2013a, b, c). Thereby, concerning about voucher in this research allows us to simplify our calculations because beneficiaries will get specific goods and services with fixed prices approximately. In addition, voucher programme owns specific aspects in terms of specific value, specific levels of commodities or services, specific distribution’s areas and other. Therefore, all these specific factors allow us to study promptly the impacts of voucher intervention on market supply chains and, then, extract the ultimate results in a clear manner. Thus, this research is going to focus on voucher programmes because we can determine exactly the targeted market and its relevance supply chains, for example studying e-voucher winter clothes project by UNICEF, that have been implemented in Syria since many years, which is feasible because we know targets, prices, sales points, beneficiaries needs and distinct kinds of given commodities (winter clothes for children), whereas any unconditional cash programmes by humanitarian organizations would complicate the research because of...