Content area
Abstract
According to the world health organization, traffic accidents take about 1.35 million lives and cause more than 50 million injured persons globally each year. Vulnerable road users (VRUs), i.e., pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists, account for almost half of the road victims. Direct vehicle-to-VRU (V2VRU) communication can prevent accidents by providing 360◦ awareness and improving detection, localization, and tracking of both vehicles and VRUs. Having a realistic channel is a prerequisite for developing a reliable V2VRU communication system. Contrary to vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, V2VRU communication did not attract much attention in research. A dedicated channel model for V2VRU communication in critical accident scenarios is still missing. In order to remedy this situation, this thesis aims to provide the first full parametrization for a geometry-based stochastic channel model (GSCM) for critical urban scenarios. For this purpose, experimental single-input single-output (SISO) channel measurements were conducted in both open-field and urban environments. The measurements were carried out at a carrier frequency of 5.2 GHz which is close to the 5.9 GHz ITS-G5 band and to the 5.7 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band. The measurements were executed with a bandwidth of 120 MHz taking into account the most critical accident scenarios involving vehicle and VRUs.
Even though a handful of recent studies addressed the path loss of the vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) channel, little is known about the impact of the pedestrian mobility, obstruction by parked vehicles, and shadowing by a crowd surrounding the pedestrian on the received power. In this thesis, these aspects are investigated and path loss models are proposed. Moreover, the diffraction loss due to the obstruction of parked vehicles is calculated. The findings on the diffraction loss are then verified by simulations. It is shown that the multiple knife-edge model provides a good match to the measured diffraction loss.
Note that it is well established in literature that vehicular channels are nonstationary. Therefore, in order to parameterize a GSCM channel model, the stationarity distance is required. However, the non-stationarity of the V2VRU channel has not yet been analyzed in literature. Hence, in this work, the nonstationarity of the V2VRU channel is investigated and the stationarity distance is estimated. Furthermore, the time-variant channel impulse response (CIR) in the urban environment is found to be highly cluttered by diffuse multipath components (DMCs). To allow for further characterization of the specular multipath components (SMCs), a novel method is proposed to extract the SMCs from the CIR based on the density of their neighboring multipath components (MPCs). Further, an algorithm for tracking SMCs over time based on their delay and magnitude is presented. In order to gain more insight on the evolution of the radio channel, the locations of all scatterers in the propagation environment are estimated by employing a joint delay-Doppler estimation algorithm.
Finally, the thesis proposes a full parametrization for the WINNER-type GSCM. In particular, the large scale parameters (LSPs) and their correlations are estimated in the log domain. The results show that the log-normal distribution provides a good fit to the distributions of the LSPs. Following the parameterization, channel simulations are performed with the quasi deterministic radio channel generator (QuaDRiGa) implementation. Thereafter, the GSCM with the proposed parameters is validated. The channel validation shows that the proposed model provides a very good representation for the V2VRU propagation channel in the considered scenarios.
The proposed channel model can be used in simulations to develop and evaluate V2VRU communication and collision avoidance algorithms in critical accident scenarios.





