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ABSTRACT:
The fertility of a male is related to several phenomenon includes sperm production, viability and fertilizing capacity of the ejaculated sperm, sexual desire and the ability to copulate. Reproductive problems causing absolute or relative infertility in male animals mainly includes reduced to complete lack of sexual desire or libido, failure of normal service and failure of conception after normal service. The sterile males are readily identified, but the males with reduced fertility poses serious problems and causes economic losses to breeders and AI industry.
KEY WORDS: Male infertility, Impotentia coeundi, Impotentia generandi
INTRODUCTION:
Reduced infertility in male may be due to hereditary or may originate from psychic disturbances, hormonal imbalances, nutritional deficiencies or environmental factors. Even though semen characteristics may be satisfactory, fertility may be adversely affected as a result of poor libido. Nutritional deficiencies denotes delay onset of puberty and depress production and characteristics of semen. Ration deficient in vitamin A, proteins and minerals may reduce sex drive. Young bulls are mostly affected by protein deficiency. Dietary vitamin A deficiency leads to testicular degeneration in all farm male animals. Iodine deficiency also leads to poor libido. Plant estrogens exert adverse effect on male accessory organs. Overfeeding and obesity reduce libido and sexual activity in male animals. A management and psychic factors also affects the libido like young males may be slow at service due to inexperience while lack of exercise and proper training also leads to poor sex drive.
Psychic factors play an important role in altering the sex drive of males of low genetic makeup. Injuries during semen collection are usually remembered by the bulls and may inhibit the sex drive and abusive handling of bull during semen collection. Size and colour of dummy also affect the libido of male animals. A chronic and acute debilitating disease like tuberculosis, john's disease, pneumonia, severe mange, actinomycosis etc seriously affects the libido. Climatic factors like high temperature especially during summer reduces libido. Hormones like thyroxine, testosterone and gonadotrophins deficiency reduced sexual desire.
Impotentia Coeundi:
Bull may have normal or slightly decreased libido but is unable to copulate. Inability to copulate may be due to following conditions like joint, muscle, nerve, bone and tendon injuries.
Gonitis:
Gonitis is common in bulls, characterized by a...