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Abstract
This thesis describes the design of encapsulation systems using mesostructures from proteins and polysaccharides. The thesis can be divided into two main parts: in part 1 (chapter 2 and chapter 3), the physical properties of the encapsulating materials (protein fibrils and protein – polysaccharide complexes) are investigated. In part 2 (chapter 4 and chapter 5), microcapsules with tunable release rate and mechanical strength are discussed.
In chapter 2,the effect of steady shear and turbulent flow on the formation of amyloid fibrils from hen egg white lysozyme (Lys) was studied. We determined the conversion and size distribution of fibrils obtained by heating Lys solutions at pH 2. The formation of fibrils was quantified using flow‐induced birefringence. The size distribution was fitted using decay of birefringence measurements and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The morphology of Lys fibrils and kinetics of their formation varied considerably depending on the flow applied. With increasing shear or stirring rate, more rod‐like and shorter fibrils were obtained, and the conversion into fibrils was increased. The size distribution and final fibril concentration were significantly different from those obtained in the same heat treatment at rest. The width of the length distribution of fibrils was influenced by the homogeneity of the flow.
In chapter 3we have investigated the surface rheological properties of oil – water interfaces stabilized by fibrils from lysozyme (long and semi‐flexible, and short and rigid ones), fibrils from ovalbumin (short and semi‐flexible), lysozyme – pectin complexes, or ovalbumin – pectin complexes. We have compared these properties with those of interfaces stabilized by the native proteins. The surface dilatational and surface shear moduli were determined using an automated drop tensiometer, and a stress controlled rheometer with biconical disk geometry. Results show that interfaces stabilized by complexes of these proteins with high methoxyl pectin have higher surface shear and dilatational moduli than interfaces stabilized by the native proteins only. The interfaces stabilized by ovalbumin and lysozyme complexes have comparable shear and dilatational moduli though ovalbumin – pectin complexes are twice as large in radius as lysozyme – pectin complexes. At most of the experimental conditions, interfaces stabilized by fibrils have the highest surface rheological moduli. The difference between long semi‐flexible lysozyme fibrils or short rigid lysozyme fibrils is not pronounced in interfacial dilation rheology but significant in interfacial shear rheology. The complex surface shear moduli of interfaces stabilized by long semi‐flexible fibrils are about 10 times higher than those of interfaces stabilized by short rigid fibrils, over a range of bulk concentrations. Interfaces stabilized by short and more flexible ovalbumin fibrils have a significantly higher surface shear modulus than those stabilized by the somewhat longer and more rigid short lysozyme fibrils. This study has shown that the use of such supra‐molecular structural building blocks creates a wider range of microstructural features of the interface, with higher surface shear and dilatational moduli, and a more complex dependence on strain (rate).
In the second part of this thesis (chapter 4 and chapter 5), encapsulation systems are developed using layer‐by‐layer adsorption of food‐grade polyelectrolytes on an emulsion droplet template. The formation of the capsules involves merely standard operations that can easily be scaled up to industrial production.





