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1. Introduction
Many organisations are facing the problem of waste and putting efforts into its reduction. Informed and enabled intimate connection through the order conversion process by gathering and evaluating digital market data enhance the performance and reduction of waste. Lean 4.0 technologies help bring smoother production and product improvement built into the process by using a waste identification system. This technologically supported lean further reduces operational complexity and assists everyday tasks. It focusses on process control and improvement by using the Six Sigma approach. The Lean 4.0 technologies enhance data gathering and identification of associated and causal factors. Now, manufacturers using the tools of Lean 4.0, such as the internet of things (IoT), big data and data analytics, as well as additive manufacturing, advanced robotics, augmented and virtual reality, cloud computing, simulation, machine learning and artificial intelligence, as well as a variety of other approaches for improvement in process and business performance (Cattaneo et al., 2017; Mayr et al., 2018; Bittencourt et al., 2021).
From mass production to lean production, the manufacturing industry has changed over the previous few decades. Lean manufacturing promotes more efficient production by reducing waste and maximising resources. In recent years, Lean has gained recognition as an approach that numerous manufacturing firms adopt worldwide. Other industries, such as health care, construction, logistics, banking and telecommunications have also taken up Lean principles. Lean can withstand the rise of Industry 4.0 and exist alongside the technology that drives it; one may nevertheless expect that the structure and manner in which the organisation uses its technological solutions will change. Some Lean solutions may be required to make Industry 4.0 technologies work and co-exist, but few technologies could disappear or decrease use (Wagner et al., 2017; Ammar et al., 2021).
Comprehensive automation, business information and industrial execution architecture have been implemented to address inefficiencies across the industry. Higher productivity, efficiency and self-managing industrial processes are seen as characteristics of Lean 4.0. Real-time lean manufacturing ecosystems are more efficient and flexible because they are highly linked and unified across corporate boundaries. It allows for more efficient and comprehensive value creation cycles that comprise all the product life cycle stages from the initial concept, development, production, use and recycling. In this...