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Abstract
Oxides are of considerable technological importance, and are employed in a variety of applications such as a substrate, and in heterostructures. Two widely used paradigmatic oxides: SrTiO3 and MgO, possess many interesting properties such as, superconductivity observed in reduced bulk SrTiO3, an emergent two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the LaAlO3-SrTiO3 interface, and tunneling magnetoresistance in MgO-based heterostructure,among others. Motivated by these findings, this thesis provides an in-depth analysis of the two oxides, SrTiO3 and MgO, and extends it to an oxide heterostructure, NdNiO2/SrTiO3(001) with a 2DEG at the interface.
In this work, a first-principles study of the excited-state properties in the energy ranging from the optical to x-ray resulting from light—matter interaction in spectroscopic experiments, in SrTiO3 and MgO is presented. Density functional theory is employed to describe the ground-state properties, but it is necessary to include many-body effects for a correct description of the excited-state properties. With the single-shot G0W0 approach, electronic properties such as the band gap, can be improved to a large extent. However, to accurately describe the charge neutral excitations in experiments, it is essential to include excitonic effects which is accounted for by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE). A comprehensive overview of the electronic, optical and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) properties of SrTiO3 and MgO, by employing many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) is presented. A systematic study of the ground state and optical properties was performed using different exchange-correlation (xc) functionals. It was found that the onset of the optical spectrum within the independent particle and G0W0 approach is largely affected by the starting xc functional, and these deviations reduce significantly by including the excitonic effects. The good correspondence with experiment observed for both the optical and XAS spectra calculated by solving BSE, highlights the importance of electron-hole interactions. Going beyond previous work, here the origin of the spectroscopic features are presented to reveal the orbital character of the underlying transitions in reciprocal space, by projecting the electron-hole coupling coefficients from the BSE calculations. Furthermore, the excitons are analyzed by visualizing the excitonic wave function in real space to unravel their spatial extension and shape. Based on this analysis, a Wannier-Mott character is confirmed for the first bound exciton of the optical spectra of SrTiO3 and MgO. The first bound exciton of O K-edge XAS of SrTiO3 displays a fascinating two-dimensional spread in (001) plane with t2g and 3p-like states near the Ti and oxygen sites, respectively. Additionally, the role of quasiparticle corrections was explored for the emergent 2DEG at the interface due to the occupation of Ti 3d states of the oxide heterostructure, NdNiO2/SrTiO3(001). The 2DEG is characterized by a high intensity peak at the onset of the spectrum resulting from the excitation of the occupied Ti 3d states at the interface, and is preserved after the G0W0 corrections, but with a reduced intensity.





