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Cell. Mol. Life Sci. (2016) 73:7994
DOI 10.1007/s00018-015-2052-6 Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
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Web End = The endoplasmic reticulum: structure, function and response to cellular signaling
Dianne S. Schwarz1,2,3 Michael D. Blower1,2
Received: 8 July 2015 / Revised: 21 September 2015 / Accepted: 22 September 2015 / Published online: 3 October 2015 The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large, dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. The diverse functions of the ER are performed by distinct domains; consisting of tubules, sheets and the nuclear envelope. Several proteins that contribute to the overall architecture and dynamics of the ER have been identied, but many questions remain as to how the ER changes shape in response to cellular cues, cell type, cell cycle state and during development of the organism. Here we discuss what is known about the dynamics of the ER, what questions remain, and how coordinated responses add to the layers of regulation in this dynamic organelle.
Keywords Interphase Mitosis
Unfolded protein response Organization Fertilization
Phosphorylation
Introduction
The ER is the largest organelle in the cell and is a major site of protein synthesis and transport, protein folding, lipid and steroid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and calcium storage [17]. The multi-functional nature of this
organelle requires a myriad of proteins, unique physical structures and coordination with and response to changes in the intracellular environment. Work from a variety of systems has revealed that the ER is composed of multiple different structural domains, each of which is associated with a specic function or functions. However, it is not yet clear how these functional subdomains are organized and how different functional domains translate into different structures.
Protein synthesis and folding
One of the major functions of the ER is to serve as a site for protein synthesis for secreted and integral membrane proteins [8], as well as a subpopulation of cytosolic proteins [1]. Protein synthesis requires localization...