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Abstract
The contact of the cell to the extracellular matrix components such as collagen and fibronectin is important for cell adhesion and migration. Most of the cell matrix contacts are linked to the actin filaments by the focal adhesions (FA). At the FA, heterodimeric transmembrane integrin receptors link the ECM to the cytoskeleton via adaptor proteins that are part of a sub membrane plaque. A variety of those adaptor proteins have been shown to associate with, and in some cases insert into, lipid bilayers. The focal adhesion protein vinculin (1066 residues), which can be separated into a 95 kDa head and a 30 kDa tail domain, shows such lipid binding sites. However, the function of vinculin’s lipid binding is still an enigma. Two regions on the 30 kDa tail domain have been experimentally identified as candidates for lipid-binding: Helix 3 (residues 935–978) and the lipid anchor (residues 1052–1066). The alteration of helix 3 (residues 944-978) and the unstructured C-terminal arm (residues 1052-1066, so-called lipid anchor) resulted in impaired lipid vesicle interaction of the vinculin-tail. Pull-down assays with artificial lipid membranes revealed that in contrast to vinculin-tail (vt), a variant lacking the lipid anchor (VtΔC), does not interact with vesicles. To what extent the last 15 residues are involved in lipid interaction was not determined.
In this study the lipid-binding ability of the lipid anchor of vinculin as well as the influence to cell mechanical behavior were determined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated that vinculin’s C-terminal arm, which includes the lipid anchor, is directly involved in lipid binding. The peptide inserts into the lipid vesicle consisting of DMPC/ DMPG at various molar ratios. The secondary structure of the C-terminal arm was also explored under different ionic conditions which represent nominal basic, neutral and acidic pH’s using molecular dynamics simulations. The generated trajectories predicted an antiparallel beta-sheet followed by an unstructured C-terminal end for the peptide representing vinculin'’s C-terminal arm under "basic" and "neutral" conditions. This conformational behavior was investigated in more detail in the presence/absence of DMPC/ DMPG vesicles using CD-spectroscopy. The results suggest direct association of vinculin’s lipid-binding region (residues 1052–1066) with membranes whilst forming a beta-sheet. To determine the orientation of the lipid anchor during membrane interaction, solid state NMR measurements were performed using vinculins C-terminal arm peptide. Those results imply that in presence of POPC/POPG vesicles, the beta-sheet inserts into the lipid membrane.
Furthermore, it was demonstrated that cells expressing vinculin without the lipid anchor (vinΔC) showed a decreased focal adhesion turnover rate, which results in impaired cell adhesion and migration. In additional in vivo experiments, the influence of the lipid anchor region (residues 1052–1066) in terms of cell mechanical behavior was determined using vinculin deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts, retransfected with EGFP-linked vinculin lacking the lipid anchor (MEF-vinΔC). Magnetic tweezer experiments revealed that MEF-vinΔC cells, incubated with fibronectin coated paramagnetic beads, were less stiff and more beads detached during these experiments compared to MEF-resc cells. Cells expressing vinΔC formed fewer focal contacts as determined by confocal microscopy. 2D-traction measurements showed that MEF-vinΔC cells generated less force compared to rescue cells. Attenuated traction forces were also found in cells that expressed vinculin with point mutations of the lipid anchor that either impaired lipid binding or prevented src-phosphorylation at site Y1065. However, traction generation was not diminished in cells that expressed vinculin with impaired lipid binding due to point mutations on helix 3. These results show that both the lipid binding and the src-phosphorylation of vinculin’s C-terminus are important for cell mechanical behavior, but the lipid binding of helix 3 is not, suggesting that both the lipid anchor and the src-phosphorylation of Y1065 affect cell mechanical behavior.





