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SYMBOLS
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Ion exchange capacity of the membrane (meq g−1)
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Concentration of the electrolyte in the solution (mol L−1)
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Concentration of the electrolyte in the membrane (meq g−1)
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Initial concentration of the electrolyte in the solution (mol L−1)
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Volume of solution (L)
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Mass of the dry ion exchange membrane (g)
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Equivalent ionic fraction in the solution
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Equivalent ionic fraction in the membrane
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Charge carried by the electrolyte
I
Ionic strength for aqueous solution (mol L−1)
R
Ionic radius (nm)
NAV
Avogadro's number (mol−1)
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Selectivity coefficient
S
Separation factor
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Thermodynamic equilibrium constant
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Hydrated radius of the ion (i) (nm)
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Correction coefficient in Equation (10)
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Thickness of the double layer (nm)
(Rm)
Resistance of the membrane (Ω cm2)
(RDL)
Resistance of the double layer (Ω cm2)
(RDBL)
Resistance of the diffusion boundary layer (Ω cm2)
GREEK LETTERS
γs (i)
Activity coefficients of ion (i) in the solution
[Inline Formula Omitted. See PDF]
Activity coefficient of ion (i) in the membraneambda;AB
Wilson's parameters in Equations (12) and (13)
INTRODUCTION
Excessive concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, and chloride levels in drinking and ground water requires their removal due to environmental and health concerns (Oldani et al. 1992; Samatya et al. 2006; Haghsheno et al. 2009). Processes such as electrodialysis, electro-electrodialysis and dialysis, all of which use ion exchange membranes, presented an effective solution to treat and purify water (Bolto et al. 2002; Balster et al. 2005; Indarawis & Boyer 2013; Oehmen et al. 2014; Wiśniewski et al. 2014). Currently, ion exchange membranes are receiving considerable attention since their development in 1949 by Juda (Tongwena & Weihua 2001), and hence are an important contemporary research subject. In the selection of an ion exchange membrane for a particular application, information concerning their physical and chemical properties is required and needs to be part of any ion exchange membrane characterization study. Extensive work (Sata...