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Introduction
History does not pay much attention to ineffective and defeated leaders. Rather, it focuses on those great victors who were astute leaders and who influenced history. Certainly, their resounding victories tend to eclipse the lackluster activities of ineffectual leaders. But, more importantly, it is the leaders who failed to inspire who are barely mentioned in the history books. Nowadays, the best and the worst leaders alike are under constant scrutiny and are the focus of many discussions. However, one difference is that while history cares little for failed leaders, contemporary business analysts examine everything, including problems, myths, and the failures of ineffective leaders. The actions of an ineffective leader are usually a burden that falls on subordinates and from them on to the company and finally on the individual himself. This means that everyone pays the price of failure caused by ineffective leaders. Because there has been an increase in ineffective company leadership, many training courses have been organized and many studies have been conducted to find ways with which to deal with ineffective leaders.
Effective leadership styles have always played a positive role in motivating employees, raising their morale, and making a positive impact on individuals and organizational performance. Many studies have confirmed this influence ([15] Ogbonna and Harris, 2000; [11] Jing and Avery, 2008). Conversely, ineffective leadership styles are seen to have a negative impact on individuals and organizational performance. Business literature also is full of labels, such as destructive leaders, narcissistic leaders, and toxic leaders, that describe the traits of ineffective leaders ([9] Goldman, 2006). The objectives of our study are to highlight the importance of leadership and to determine the impact of ineffective leadership on individual and organizational performance in Jordanian institutions.
Literature review
Ineffective, negative, bad, poor, or evil leadership are all terms which describe poor and unacceptable leadership qualities. They symbolize the dark side of leadership. What Barbara Kellerman calls "negative leadership," is ineffective, harmful to a company, unethical, and harmful to a society, company, employees, and a drain on organizational resources ([12] Kellerman, 2004). According to [9] Goldman (2006), ineffective leadership is the result of personal turmoil. High-toxicity leadership is driven by arrogant narcissism ([9] Goldman, 2009) which McFarlin and Sweeney describe as leadership that maximizes leaders'...