The Effect of Auxin IBA and Kinetin in Budding Success Percentage of Mulberry (Morus sp.)

Headnote

Abstract: In this research, the effects of cuttings diameter and indol-3-butyric acid (IBA) doses on hard wood stem cuttings black mulberry were studied. Cuttings were taken from early February (2 February) and applied to the different IBA doses (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg/l). Cuttings were planted in sandy loam soil under air condition in order to root. The result of this study obtained the following: The cuttings diameter and IBA had significant effects on rooting percentage, length and diameter of transplants. Application IBA and kinetin gave significant effects on percentage of successful budding scion(%). length and diameter of scions, The best treatment was found from treatment T4 (12-14) mm + 4000 ppm IBA in rooting percentage was (80.72 %), and treatment T3 (10-11) mm + 2000 ppm IBA for both length was (180.50 cm) and diameter was 14.28 mm of transplants, while the best treatment in percentage of budding success scion, length and diameter of scions was found in high concentration of IBA and kinetin.

Keywords: Mulberry, hard wood stem cuttings, auxin, rooting.

Introduction

Mulberry (Morus sp.) deciduous fruit tree belong to moraceae family, it has been domesticated(cultivated) over thousands of years and has been adapted to a wide area of tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones of Asia, Europe, North and South America, and Africa (Ozgen et al., 2009). Mulberry fruit is desirable material for syrup, dried fruit pulp, cakes, marmalade and ice cream industry. Therefore, it must be integrated to the economy. Central Asia and the Middle East consume mulberry fruit. On the other hand, mulberry use of its leaves in the cultivation of the silkworm , and the most important countries in this respect are China and India. The different organs of mulberry (leaves, shells, root. et.) have been used in folk medicine since ancient times. The main species are Morus nigra, Morus .alba, Morus rubra, Moru saustralis, Morus latifolia, Morus multicaulis and Morus indica ( Datta, 2000). Different modes of propagation of trees are important to cultivate in large scale. Usually cutting, budding and grafting propagation methods are used in Mulberry (Morus sp.) (Hartmann et al.,1990; Guo et al.,2007). Rooting of the cutting is one of the possible techniques for vegetative propagation and it was observed that cuttings play important role in the rooting of important species of some fruit species and clonal rootstocks. But, there are some endogenous and exogenous factors affecting rooting of cuttings such as growth substances, (Hartmann et al., 2002 and Awang et al., 2009). The use of hardwood cuttings is one of the least expensive and easiest methods of vegetative propagation. Physiological states of the cuttings play a significant role in determination of success of rooting .A size of planting stock is important for initial survival and establishment of cuttings (Raza-ul-Haq, 1992).Cutting (diameter) affected the successful rooting in Morus nigra also some treatments have been used to enhance success rate on the cutting propagation. Exogenous plant growth regulators are one of the most commonly used methods (Polat and Kamilolu, 2007).In recent time auxin (IBA)treatments promoting roots formation of cuttings . A mulberry variety, Morus alba'Shidareguwa', has a weeping habit and is used as an ornamental, landscape plant and fruits. This variety is known for being difficult to propagate by hardwood cuttings. To clarify the mode of inheritance of the weeping character and its relationship to the difficulty in cutting propagation (Yamanouchi, et al.2009). Koyuncu and Senel (2003) noticed the best rooting percentage was obtained from bunch planting for the rooting of black mulberry hardwood cuttings treated with 5 g.l-1 IBA. The average rooting of black mulberry cuttings varied from 3.3 to 60.0%. Kauppinen et al .(2000) found that IBA promoted rooting base cuttings treated with 100 mg/l or 200 mg/l IBA resulted in the highest percentage of rooted cuttings the rooting percentage was acceptable for the best treatments in 1998 but in general very low when the experiment was repeated in 1999). Also Pelicano1, et al (2007) found that application of IBA to mulberry (Morus alba), done the best responses in terms of root growth were obtained with young cuttings treated with IBA 3500 mg/kg-1andwith a high percentage of root growth in the first month (80%) and (83%) in the second month. Kalyoncu, et al.(2009) Studied the effects of IBA doses (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm) on softwood top cuttings of two black mulberry and one white mulberry types under misting system in the greenhouse. The highest rooting percentage was determined from black mulberry in 2000 and 3000 ppm IBA doses application (100%).The lowest one was control group from black mulberry which was not rooted. Kako( 2011) used five IBA concentrations (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 mg.l-1) on rooting of six cultivars of Fig(Ficus carica) (Kalemerna. Aswad dialla, Brunswick, Ozone, Diary and Shore khaza), caused significantly increased in rooting percentage, shoot length, shoot diameter. Various auxins had significant effects on fruit tree budding by affecting xylem and phloem differentiation and on lignifications process which is considered as very important factors in formation of a strong unite area in grafting Starrantino and Caruse (1986)found that treatment with plant growth regulators was increased apical grafting success percentage. Since when lemon, orange and mandarin were treated with (10 mg/l) of(2,4, 5-T) the highest grafting success was achieved. Hana and Yousif (2000A,2000 B) found that the effects of treatment with IAA and kinetin on pistachio success percentage and growth budding. He found that using kinetin at 2 mg/L-1 significantly increased the success percentage and the length and diameter of transplants. The interaction between kinetin and IAA had well effective on the length and diameter of transplants. ALSafi(2002) observed the effect of auxin on the growth of transplants of three local apple cultivars (Ajamy, Sharaby and Kuffi). His results declared that the treatment with IAA at 25 and 50 mg/l significantly increased budding success percentage as well as increased the vegetative growth rates as compared with the control. Saleh (2004) while studying the effect of auxin (IAA) at 0, 30 and 60 mg/l on pistachio budding success on two kinds of rootstocks, he indicated that the treatment was ineffective in increasing branches growth rates. The purposes of this (work) study were: 1. Develop an asexual propagation protocol for M. nigra by cuttings, and 2. Produce transplants by budding with a longer vegetative period by testing various auxins and cytokinins.

Material and Methods

The research was carried out in the Nursery of Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Duhok University. Hard wood stem cuttings (18-20) cm length of black mulberry Morus nigra were taken in (2 February)with four diameter (T1 (5-7), T2 (8-9), T3 (10-11), T4 (12-14)mm ± 1). The bottom parts of Cuttings were treatments with different IBA doses (powder) (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg/l).Then the cuttings were planted in sandy loam soil under air condition in order to root (buried about 2/3 their height) by 10 x 20cm row. Cuttings were irrigated properly immediately after planting. In the middle September, the Percentage success of rooting, plant diameters and plants length were measured. On the section 100-150 cm higher above soil surface on (transplants), we do budding.

The transplant of strongest shoot of cuttings was kept and others were leave for budding , similar rootstock sizes were used on the section 5 cm higher above site budding. The budding shield (T) done on the transplants that obtained after rooting in the first steps done in the lst September used scion from mulberry variety, Morus alba'Shidareguwa' on the rootstock (transplants),the unioned bud was soaked with one of the following concentration (0, 30,60, and 90mg/l from IBA and(0, 3, 6,and 9mg /l from Kinetin) after 8 month the Percentage of successful budding ,stem(Scion) diameters and stem(Scion)length were measured.

The experiment were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three Blocks and three Replications, by two steps using 40cuttings for experimental units to first experiment and10 transplants for experimental units to second experiment. Statistical analysis systems were performed by using SAS, (SAS, 2000).

Result and Discussion

Table (1) shows that the increasing diameter of cutting significantly increased Percentage of rooting cutting and the highest Percentage (65.01%) where found in T4(12-14mm) and the least Percentage (46.41%) were in T1(5-7mm),also show that the auxin IBA significantly effected on Percentage of rooting cutting. The highest Percentage of rooting cutting found in 4000 mg/l IBA reach (64.83%) and the least Percentage of rooting cutting were in treatment (control) (45.92%) This is in agreement with what has been found by (Kako), 2011 in fig cultivars .While The interaction between diameter and IBA were significantly effected in Percentage of rooting cutting, the highest Percentage of rooting cutting were in treatment T4 and 4000 mg/l IBA (80.72%), and treatment T1 and zero mg /l IBA gave the least Percentage of rooting cutting(40.00%), might be due to the co-effect of both the diameter and the auxin.

Result in the table (2) indicate that the diameter of cutting had significant effects on length of transplants, the highest length were in T4 (12-14mm) 156.33cm, and the least length were in treatment T1(5-7mm)130.60cm.

The result in the table (2)also indicate that the auxin IBA significantly effected on length of transplants, the highest length of transplants were in treatment 4000 mg/l IBA and the least length were in treatment(control ) 132.58cm.The interaction between diameter and IBA were significantly effected in length of transplants, the highest length of transplants were in treatment T3 +2000 mg/l IBA (180.50), and treatment T2 +500 mg/l IBA gave the least length (83.33cm), might be due to the co-effect of both the diameter and the auxin.

Result of table (3) show that the diameter of cutting had significant effects on diameter of transplants, the highest diameter of transplants in treatment T4 (12-14mm)12.55mm, and treatment T1(5-7mm) had the least diameter 9.64mm,the treated cuttings with auxin IBA also had significantly effected diameter of cutting ,the maximum diameter in treatment 2000 mg/l IBA (12.40mm) while the treatment 1000 mg/l had least value (9.79mm) .This is in agreement with what has been found by (Kako,2011) on fig cultivars .The result in table(3) increasing diameter of cutting in interaction T3 +2000 mg/l IBA reach 14.28mm,the treatment T1 +1000 mg/l IBA had least value (8.81mm). Might be due to the co-effect of both the diameter and the auxin.

Table (4) reveals a significant effect of IBA on budding success percentage. The highest budding success percentage (52.75%) was achieved from treatment of IBA at 90 mg/l, least budding success percentage (35.17%) was achieved from treatment of IBA at zero mg/l. This is in agreement with what has been found by Al-Safi(2000) on apple cultivars. The same table reveals that Kinetin had significant effect on budding success percentage since the treatment of Kinetin 9 mg/l gave the highest budding success percentage (51.58%) was significantly better than the rest of treatments, least budding success percentage (35.92%) was achieved from treatment of Kinetin at zero mg/l . These results are in agreement with those published by Starrantino and Caruse (1986) on lemon, orange and mandarin, Hana, and Yousif (2000B)on pistachio. The interaction of concerning between the IBA and Kinetin, the treatment of IBA at 90 mg/l and Kinetin at 9 mg/l was the best gave the highest budding success percentage (64.67%)and least budding success percentage (30.00%) in treatment control. This might be due to the enhancement of this auxin to the cambium activity, or might be due to the coeffect of both the auxin and Kinetin.

Results in the table (5) show that no significant between length of scions was observed with the auxin IBA. In other hand the Kinetin had significant effects on length of scions, the highest length of scion in treatment 9 mg/l kinetin reach (71.00 cm) while the control treatment had least value (59.67cm) (5).Under this study regarding the effect of interaction between IBA and Kinetin treatment (60 mg/l IBA + 6 mg/l Kinetin)was (77,00cm) which was significantly higher than other interactions in table(5) ,the lowest value length of scion in control treatment (52.57) cm).The reason might be due to the coeffect of both the auxin and Kinetin.

Data presented in Table (6) refers to there were significant differences among the tested in diameter of scions, the use of 60 mg/l IBA gave the highest diameter of scions at(7.69mm)whereas the least content (6.80 mm) was recorded for zero mg/l IBA, (treatment control ) and the use of 9mg/l Kinetin gave the highest diameter of scions at(8.12mm)whereas the least content (6.59 mm) was recorded for treatment control (zero mg/l Kinetin). The interaction treatment between 60 mg/l IBA +9 mg/l Kinetin gave the higher diameter of scions (8.48mm) while the least diameter of scions (5.30mm) was recorded for the interaction control treatment. This might be due to the combined effect between IBA and Kinetin tested.

References

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