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Abstract-The development of effective pain treatment strategies requires the availability of precise and practical measures of treatment outcomes, the importance of which has been noted in the Veterans Health Administration's (VHA's) National Pain Initiative. This paper presents the results of a 5-year collaborative effort to develop and validate a comprehensive and efficient self-report measure of pain treatment outcomes. Two samples of veterans (957 total subjects) undergoing inpatient or outpatient pain treatment at six VHA facilities completed Pain Outcomes Questionnaire-VA (POQ-VA) items and several additional measures. We used a comprehensive, multistage analytic procedure to evaluate the psychometric properties of the instrument. Results provided strong support for the reliability, validity, and clinical use of the POQ-VA when used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment for veterans experiencing chronic noncancer pain.
Key words: chronic pain, outcomes assessment, pain assessment, psychological test, rehabilitation outcome.
Abbreviations: AAPM = American Academy of Pain Management, ADL = activities of daily living, ANOVA = analyses of variance, ANX = anxiety, APSPOQ = American Pain Society's Patient Outcomes Questionnaire, BPI = Brief Pain Inventory, CFA = confirmatory factor analysis, CFI = Comparative Fit Index, CI = confidence interval, DEP = depression, FIM = Functional Independence Measure, HEA = health concerns, IRB = institutional review board, M = mean, MANOVA = multivariate analysis of variance, MLe = Maximum Likelihood Estimation, MMPI-2 = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, MPI = Multidimensional Pain Inventory, NA = negative affect, NFI = Norrned Fit Index, NPDB = National Pain Data Bank, NRS = numerical rating scale, PCE = Physical Capacities Evaluation, POQ-VA = Pain Outcomes Questionnaire-VA, PQFF = Pain Questionnaire Feedback Form, PTS = Pain Treatment Satisfaction, PVAS = Pain Visual Analog Scale, RCI = Reliable Change Index, RMSEA = root-mean-square error of approximation, SD = standard deviation, SEM = standard error of measurement, SIP = Sickness Impact Profile, SPQ = Sleep Problems Questionnaire, TSK = Tampa Scale of Kinesophobia, VA = Department of Veterans Affairs, VHA = Veterans Health Administration, WHYMPI = West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory.
INTRODUCTION
The development of effective pain treatment strategies requires the availability of precise and practical measures of treatment outcomes [1]. Within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), the importance of measuring pain treatment effectiveness has been noted in the VHA's National Pain...