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This investigation chronicles the development of a short form of the CSAI-2. In phase 1, the CSAI-2 was administered to 492 basketball or volleyball intramural participants approximately IS-min prior to game/match. Using the appropriate CSAI-2 subscale score as the dependent variable and the appropriate item scores as independent variables, multiple regression was utilized to determine the best three variable predictive model In phase 2, resultant CSAI-2 short forms (ARS-S, ARS-C) and the CSAI-2 were administered to 279 intramural basketball participants approximately lS-min prior to start of game. When regressed against somatic state anxiety (CSAI-2 subscale) the CSAI-2 short form for somatic anxiety (ARS-S) accounted for 45% (r = .67) of the variance. When regressed against cognitive state anxiety (CSAI-2 subscale) the CSAI-2 short form (ARS-C) accounted for 40% (r = .63) of the variance. Results suggest that the ARS-S and ARS-C are reliable predictors of competitive state anxiety and may be used as an alternative to the CSAI-2 when brevity is an important concern.
The literature surrounding the study of the relationship between sports performance and anxiety has relied primarily upon precompetitive measures of anxiety as opposed to actual measures of anxiety taken during competition. Recent exceptions to this observation include studies by Krane, Joyce, and Rafeld (1994) in which measurements of anxiety were assessed immediately prior to softball batting performance, and Schedlowski and Tewes (1992) in which perceived anxiety prior to and during parachute jumping were assessed retroactively and through monitoring of heart rate.
Historically, Spielberger's (1983) State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) was utilized by many researchers to obtain an estimate of precompetitive state anxiety in athletes. In an effort to shorten the time necessary to administer the SAI, Martens (1977) developed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI), which is a shortened version of the SAI. Use of the shortened CSAI was short lived, however, due to the development of multidimensional tests of state anxiety such as the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) (Martens, Vealey, & Burton,1990).
The CSAI-2 provided a measurement of both cognitive and somatic competitive state anxiety. This distinction has had significance in helping sport psychologists better understand the relationship between anxiety and performance. Specifically, this distinction is based on a multidimensional theory of competitive state anxiety from which the CSAI-2...