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As one of the most popular performing arts of China the inherent function of xiangsheng is entertainment. However, after the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC), xiangsheng was enlisted by the official propaganda machine as a tool for promoting political and social objectives. The transformation of xiangsheng was pioneered in the 1950s by the Small Group for the Improvement of Xiangsheng (Beijing xiangsheng gaijin xiaozu, hereafter referred to as "the Group"), who championed the merging of this grassroots people's form of entertainment, with a political agenda. By the end of the Cultural Revolution, xiangsheng was employed to mock and deride the Gang of Four; however, it was not until the middle of the 1980s that xiangsheng performance started to disengage from its official role and gradually resume its indigenous social function as genuine satire. In the recent decade, one emerging xiangsheng master, Guo Degang, has been very influential in carrying out this transformation. Just as the members of the Group shifted the social function of xiangsheng from entertainment to the political tool of "serving the party," Guo Degang has been turning its focus back to "serving the people" as a means of entertainment and social criticism. This article will examine how Guo has resurrected the essence of xiangsheng, successfully commercialized it in a market economy, and simultaneously deconstructed the official discourse through grassroots means.
The recent emergence of Guo Degang as a new master has led to a resurgence of xiangsheng and an increase in its popularity. Guo's con- tribution to saving and recovering xiangsheng is a breakthrough. It is of particular importance and relevance as xiangsheng, as a representative form of traditional performing arts and a part of the intangible cultural heritage of China, was in danger of being lost in the barrage of new entertainment mediums as the audience for traditional entertainments diminished (Liu 2010: 1). In this sense, Guo has helped to salvage and reinvigorate the valuable cultural legacy of xiangsheng performance.
Born in Tianjin (a historical center of performing arts in China), in 1973, Guo Degang began his career at eight by learning pingshu (storytelling). One year later, he changed to xiangsheng, and after years of practice he became an expert in a broad range of folk art...