The concept of leadership

Leadership is a complex and dynamic process that has been defined in many different ways. Leadership has (been described as autocratic, democratic, situational, transformational, and free rein. There are many documented leadership theories, models and concepts. Leaders are described in the literature as visionary, charismatic, and self directed.

Leadership Styles

Autocratic leadership. Autocratic leadership involves the use of commands and expected compliance. The leader is dogmatic and uses power to give or withhold rewards and punishment. This style of leadership is becoming obsolete in today's world.

Democratic or participative leadership. This style of leadership involves consultation with group members on actions and decisions, and encourages and rewards involvement in the process. These leaders make decisions and set goals with the approval and full participation of the members.

Free-rein leadership. The expectation from the group is a high degree of autonomy and independence. The group sets goals, develops strategies and mobilizes resources to achieve expected outcomes. The leader serves the role of assisting operations of the group by obtaining information, accessing remote resources, dealing with organizational barriers, and serving as the bridge with the external environment. This type of leader is described as the servant leader.

Blended leadership. This style takes into account the specific conditions and individual talents to make an endeavor successful. This type of leader is flexible, adapting to the circumstances surrounding the project and the needs of the group. Behaviors used by this leader include coaching, training, telling, demonstrating, and supporting to encourage optimum individual autonomy and success in achieving projected outcomes.

Transformational leadership. This style is described as involvement in coordinating and integrating activities versus controlling and directing the work of groups.

Situational leadership. This type of leadership is used when there is concern for the needs of a particular group at a specific point in time. Leader effectiveness depends on the particular situation.

Leadership Models

Capezio's and Morehouse's AIM Model. Capezio and Morehouse (1997) define leadership in the following way: "Leadership is the ability to influence individuals or groups to think, feel and take positive action to...