CALLICARPA MACROPHYLLA: A REVIEW OF ITS PHYTO-CHEMISTRY, PHARMACOLOGY, FOLKLORE CLAIMS AND AYURVEDIC STUDIES

Abstract

Callicarpa macrophylla, commonly known as Priyangu is a useful medicinal plant for the treatment of various disorders like tumour, polydipsia, diarrhoea, dysentery, diabetes, fever, etc. In Ayurvedic system of medicine, the plant is also known as Phalawati and used for obstetric conditions. As the plant is very important because of its therapeutic potential, research on its phytochemistry, pharmacology, folklore claims and Ayurvedic studies are reviewed in this article, to present comprehensive information on this plant, which might be helpful for scientists and researchers to focus on the priority area of research that are yet to be discovered and to find out new chemical entities responsible for its claimed traditional uses.

Headnote

ABSTRACT

Callicarpa macrophylla, commonly known as Priyangu is a useful medicinal plant for the treatment of various disorders like tumour, polydipsia, diarrhoea, dysentery, diabetes, fever, etc. In Ayurvedic system of medicine, the plant is also known as Phalawati and used for obstetric conditions. As the plant is very important because of its therapeutic potential, research on its phytochemistry, pharmacology, folklore claims and Ayurvedic studies are reviewed in this article to present comprehensive information on this plant, which might be helpful for scientists and researchers to focus on the priority area of research that are yet to be discovered and to find out new chemical entities responsible for its claimed traditional uses.

KEYWORDS:

Callicarpa macrophylla, Priyangu, Phyto-chemistry, Pharmacology, Folklore claims, Ayurvedic studies.

INTRODUCTION

Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. (syn. Callicarpa incana Roxb.) belonging to family Verbenaceae, commonly known as Priyangu in Sanskrit & Hindi is an important Ayurvedic drug used in treatment of various ailments. In Ayurvedic system of medicine, the plant is also known as Phalawati and used for obstetric conditions. It also forms one of the ingredients of a compound drug - Lodhrasa; used for gyanocological and skin diseases. There are two varieties of the plant, described in Samhitas, as Priyangu and Gandha Priyangu. The second variety is a fragrant one. As a folk medicine the plant is useful in the treatment of various disorders viz. tumour, polydipsia, diarrhoea, dysentery, diabetes, fever, etc (Anonymous, 1992). An extensive review was carried out to explore the hidden potentials and to enumerate the benefits of the Priyangu.

Parts used

Root, Bark, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits.

Vernacular / Tribal / Common names

The plant Callicarpa macrophylla is known as Perfumed cherry and Beauty berry in English; Priyangu, Daya, Dhaiya and Fulprayangi in Hindi; Priyangu, Priyanguka, Priyaka, Gandhaphali, Gandhipriyangu, Phalini, Vanita, Kaantaa, Shyaamaa and Anganapriya in Sanskrit and in Ayurvedic literature; Habb-ul-mihlb in Unani texts; Baramala, Mathara and Mattranja in Bengali; San-natadagidda, Kadu-edi, Priyangu and Navane in Kannada; Gyazhalpoo and Nalal in Tamil; Prenkhanamu in Telugu; Bonmala and Tong-lotti in Assamese; Sumali in Punjabi; Ghaunla and Priyango in Gujrati; Nazhal, Kadurohini, Njazhal, Jnazhal and Chimpompil in Malyalam; Gauhala, Gahula and Priyangu in Marathi and Priyangu in Oriya language (Khare, 2007; Anonymous, 2008).

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

The plant is found in open and secondary forests in upper Gangetic plains, West Bengal Plains, Eastern and Western Himalaya region (Gupta et al., 2008), Kashmir to Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and northern Andhra Pradesh, up to an altitude of 1800 m (Anonymous, 1992). In other parts of world it is distributed across Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, South East Asia and china (Billore et al., 2005).

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

The plant is an erect undershrub, 1.5-2.5 m tall. Leaves are elliptic-oblong to lanceolate or ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 12-25 × 5-11 cm, acute or acuminate at apex, acute or cuneate at base, glabrescent, crenate-dentate; densely stellate-tomentose beneath; petiole 4-12 mm long; Inflorescence axillary, solitary or often corymbose-cyme; Flowers purplish; Calyx 5, 4-toothed, bell-shaped, persistent gamosepalous, covering almost half of the fruit sometimes attached; corolla lilac or purple, about 3 cm long; lobes 4, ovate, subacute. Fruits globose, drupes or berries, white to yellowish-brown with or without fruit stalk, fresh being succulent, 1-3 mm in dia. Intact fruits are smooth and brownish in colour and exhibit centrally located bilocular carpel and 4 nutlets each embedded with a yellowish white seed, in a transversely cut surface of a fruit; Flowering & fruiting: June-Dec. Fruits taste at first somewhat sweet, later bitterish; odour fragrant specially after slight bruising the fruit (Anonymous, 2008; Gupta et al., 2008; Mudgal et al., 1997). The fruits of Callicarpa macrophylla are edible (Dangol, 2008; Mehta et al., 2010).

MICROSCOPY

The stomata found on the leaves of C. macrophylla are anomocytic (Mathew & Shah, 1981). The transverse section of the dried fruits irregularly circular in outline with undulated margin showing a layer of epidermis, wide parenchymatous mesocarp traversed with vascular strands, stony endocarp and centrally located exalbuminous seeds with sclerenchymatous coat and oil celled layer. Detailed transverse section of the fruit shows thin epicarp, forms skin of fruit consisting of outer epidermal cells covered with thin cuticle, a few epidermal cells elongate to form short stalked, disc-shaped, 2-4 celled glandular hairs; some other epidermal cells form stellate hairs; mesocarp is parenchymatous composed of 5-8 layered, radially elongated irregular shaped large sized, thin walled cells, traversed with vertically and tangentially running obliquely cut vascular strands and microcluster crystals of calcium oxalate, the innermost few layers of mesocarp are embedded with volatile oil globules. Endocarp hard and stony, lignified and shows compactly arranged 4-5 rows of spherical small sized discontinuous thick and thin walled stone cells, peripherally studded with small prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, encircling the centrally located seed, seeds four in each fruit; seed exhibits a thin layer of seed coat and radially elongated thick walled palisade like sclerenchymatous band lying underneath it; followed by layer of oil cells embedded with volatile oil. Endosperm 2- 6 layered consisting of isodiametric cells; cotyledons 2, consisting of isodiametric cells filled with fixed oil and aleurone grains (Anonymous, 2008; Gupta et al., 2008).

Powder microscopy shows plenty of lignified stellate and branched trichomes, their broken fragments, sessile glandular trichomes with one to many celled head from the pedicel and sepals of the fruit; epidermal cells with anomocytic stomata of sepal; fragments of straight walled, lignified cells of seed coat; oval to elongated, elliptical endocarp cells in surface view; single and isolated groups of elongated, thick and thin walled, oval to rectangular, lignified pitted stone cells having concentric striations, radial canal, with narrow lumen; microcluster crystals of calcium oxalate scattered as such or embedded in the cells of cotyledons and mesocarp; fragments of cotyledons embedded with oil globules and aleurongrains (Anonymous, 2008; Gupta et al., 2008).

PHYTOCHEMISTRY

Qualitative/quantitative analysis

Alcoholic extract of stem showed the presence of glycosides, flavonoid, tannins, carbohydrates, steroids and absence of alkaloids, saponins, proteins, and amino acids while aqueous extract of the stem showed the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates and tannins and absence of alkaloids, steroids, proteins, and amino acids (Yadav et al., 2012a). In another study ethanolic extract of plant (excluding roots) showed the presence of tannins (Atal et al., 1978).

The leaf and fruit oils found rich in selinene derivatives. The fruit oil is comprised of 41.6% beta-selinene and 6% alpha-selinene. Dendrolasin, a potential perfumery natural furanoidsesquiterpenoid is reported in leaf and fruit essential oils (Singh et al., 2010). The content of luteolin increased gradually with the growth of plants and reached the peak at the end of growth period (Zhou et al., 2011). Total flavonoid accumulation of plant changed along with the growth of the plants, i.e. the contents increased gradually in the trunk and root, decreased in leaves (Liu et al., 2010).

High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and Reverse phase- High performance liquid chromatography (RP- HPLC) with UV detection can be used for quantitative determination of calliterpenone and calliterpenone monoacetate, the two major plant growth promoters in Callicarpa macrophylla (Verma et al., 2009). RP-HPLC method is also suitable for the quality control of C. macrophylla because betulinic acid can be well separated from other compounds in the plant by RP-HPLC method (Pan et al., 2008).

Thin layer chromatography

Thin layer Chromatography (TLC) of the alcoholic extract of fruit on Silica gel 'G' plate using n-butanol : acetic acid: water (4:1:5) shows under ultra violet (UV) light (366 nm) one conspicuous fluorescent spot at Rf 0.82 (sky blue). On exposure to iodine vapours two spots appear at Rf 0.82 and 0.92 (both yellowish brown). On spraying with ferric chloride (10% aqueous solution) two spots appear at Rf 0.82 and 0.92 (both greyish brown) (Anonymous, 2008). TLC of methanol extract of fruit on silica gel 60F254 plates using toluene: ethyl acetate (70:30) using oleanolic acid as standard; after spraying vanillin sulphuric acid as detecting reagent showed under visible light five spots at Rf 0.11and 0.35 (Blue), 0.52 (Purplish grey), 0.61 (Brown) and 0.69 (Blackish blue) (Gupta et al., 2008). T.L.C. of the alcoholic extract of the stems collected from Tarikhet, Uttrakhand using mobile phase hexane: chloroform: ethyl acetate (2:1:1) showed two spots with Rf value 0.84 and 0.91 (Yadav et al., 2012a).

Phyto-chemicals

Two tetracyclic diterpenes, calliterpenone and calliterpenone monoacetate have been isolated from the petrol extract of the aerial parts (Chatterjee et al., 1972). Ursolic acid, β- sitosterol and 5,4'-dihydroxy 3'-7-3'-trimethoxy flavone have been isolated from the petroleum ether extract of leaves (Chaudhary et al., 1978). Methanol extract of the deposit of the water extract obtained after distillation of the essential oil of the leaves yielded 16α,17- isopropylideno-3-oxo-phyllocladane (isopropylidenocalliterpenone) along with calliterpenone and its monoacetate (Singh & Agrawal, 1994). The structure and absolute configuration of calliterpenone has been established as 3-oxo-13β-kaurane-16α,17-diol (Fujita et al., 1975). 16,17-dihydroxy-3- oxophylloladane,16-hydroxy-17-acetoxy-3- oxophyllocladane, β-amyrin and β -sitosterol-3- O-β-D-glucoside have been isolated from fruits.

α-Amyrin, ursolic acid, 2α,3α,19α- trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid, betulinic acid, β-sitosterol, daucosterol have been isolated from plant by column chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 (Pan & Sun, 2006). Chung et al., (2005) have isolated acyclic triterpene callicarpenol from plant (Chung et al., 2005). Phyllocladane diterpenoids calliterpenone and calliterpenone monoacetate have been isolated from Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. in shoot cultures of Rauwolfia serpentina (Goel et al., 2007).

Identity, Purity and Strength

For Callicarpa macrophylla fruit, foreign matter should not be more than 2 % w/w, total ash, acid-insoluble ash should not exceed 6.5 % w/w, 1 % w/w respectively, alcohol-soluble extractive value should not be less than 3 % w/w and water-soluble extractive value should not be less than 10 % w/w (Anonymous, 2008). For inflorescence of this plant foreign matter should not be more than 2 % w/w, total ash, acid-insoluble ash should not exceed 8 % w/w, 2 % w/w respectively, alcohol-soluble extractive value should not be less than 10 % w/w and water-soluble extractive value should not be less than 14 % w/w (Anonymous, 1999). Stems collected from Tarikhet, Uttrakhand showed 3.5% total ash, 1% acid insoluble ash, 0.3% water soluble ash, 14.0% alcohol soluble extractive, 9.8% water soluble extractive and 8.75% moisture. Inorganic elements like potassium, phosphates, iron and sulphates are also found in these stems (Yadav et al., 2012a).

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Analgesic, digestive, diuretic (Chunekar & Pandey, 1999), antipyretic, antiemetic, antipoisoning, blood purifier and anti burning (Zarkhande & Mishra, 2004).

Leaves

The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves at the dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed dose dependent anti-inflammatory action when evaluated by carrageenan induced rat paw edema method using diclofenac sodium as standard drug (Yadav et al., 2011). Ethanolic extracts of leaves at the concentration of 200 and 400 μg/disc showed significant anti-fungal activity against Gibberella fujikoroi, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Myrothecium verrucaria, Aspergillus niger, Neurospora crassa and Rhizopus oligosporus fungal strains when evaluated using disk diffusion method using fluconazole as standard drug while aqueous extract showed no antifungal activity (Yadav et al., 2012d). Aqueous extract of leaves (200 and 400 µg/ml) showed significant analgesic activity compared to ethanolic extract (200 and 400 µg/ml) when evaluated by tail immersion method in rats using pentazocine as standard and also exhibited better anti-pyretic potential at same dosage than ethanolic extract when evaluated by Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia model using paracetamol as standard (Yadav et al., 2012b).

Stem

Ethanolic extract of stem at concentration of 200 µl/disc and 400 µl/disc exhibited in- vitro antibacterial activity against various gram positive bacterial strains like Streptococcus pyogens, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Clostridium sporogens, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and gram negative bacterial strains like Agrobacterium tumifaciens, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcesens, Enterobacteria aerogens, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli when compared with the standard drug ciprofloxacin. Aqueous extract was found inactive against all the bacterial strains (Yadav et al., 2012c).

Bark

Extract of bark was shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation in biological membranes (Kumar & Muller, 1999).

Flower

The alcohol extract of flowers, at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg, was found to exhibit significant dose dependent antidiabetic activity along with reduction in hyperlipidemia in dexmethasone induced insulin resistance and streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats (Patel, 2011).

Whole plant

Ethanolic extracts of the plant was found to lack cytotoxic activity against KB cells (a subline of the ubiquitous KERATIN-forming tumor cell line HeLa) (Bhakuni et al., 1971; Dhar et al., 1973; Suffness et al., 1988).

Folklore claims

The plant is reported to be useful to stop internal and external bleeding and to treat burns (Bensky et al., 1986). According to the tribal people of Sikkim, India, the plant is bitter in taste and useful in blood dysentery, sweating, burning sensation and fever due to its cold potency. This is the best medicine for bleeding disorders and it reduces the bad smell from body (Panda, 2007). In Bangladesh, Tripura tribes use this plant as a tonic, as antidote to poison, in the treatment of dermatitis and cancer (Rahmatullah et al., 2011). In a preparation the plant is used in combination with other herbs to treat diarrhea, dysentery, intestinal worms, and skin disorders and to purify the blood and eliminate toxins (Khare, 2004).

Roots are useful in the treatment of pneumonia (Gautam, 2013), stomach disorders and rheumatic pain (Rai, 2003). Tripura tribe of Bangladesh use the decoction of roots for the cure of frequent diarrhea, heart palpitation and in frequent defecation (Rahmatullah et al., 2011; Hossan et al., 2009). About 10 ml decoction is drunk twice a day for fifteen days to cure bronchitis (Rai, 2004). In Dibru- Saikhowa biosphere reserve of northeast India the root powder is used for the cure of hydrophobia (Purkayastha et al., 2005). The people of Chamoli district of Uttarakhand India use root powder in the treatment of urinary complaints and for regularizing menstruation (Dangwal et al., 2011).

The Bark is used in the treatment of rheumatism and gonorrhoea (Das et al., 2012). Bark extract is used orally to treat fever by Chakma tribe of Bangladesh (Rahman et al., 2007). Aromatic oil from the roots is reported to be useful to treat disordered stomach (Talapatra et al., 1994).

Leaves are used for the treatment of stomach disorders (Rai, 2003). In the Apatani of Ziro valley in Arunachal Pradesh, leaves are used for treatment of headache (Kala, 2005) and tribal people of Jaunsar area of Garhwal region in Himalaya use leaves for the treatment of rheumatic pain (Bhatt & Negi, 2006; Uniyal & Shiva, 2005). Tribal people of Mizoram apply paste of leaves in bone fracture (Rai & Lalramnghinglova, 2010). Decoction of fresh leaves is useful as a regular mouthwash for recovery from sores and gingivitis (Arya & Agarwal, 2008). People of Chamoli district of Uttarakhand India use warmed leaf infusion for the treatment of pain in arthritis (Dangwal et al., 2011). Leaf extract is reported to be useful for the treatment of rheumatism (Talapatra et al., 1994). Juice of tender leaf buds mixed with Drumaria diandra BL., Oxalis corniculata L. and Cheilanthus albomarginata C.B. Cl. is reported to be given in case of acidity and gastric troubles (Manandhar, 1993).

In Tamil Nadu, the flowers and fruits are used to treat diabetes (Jeyachandran & Mahesh 2007). Tribal people of Jaunsar area of Garhwal region in Himalaya use fruits for the treatment of rheumatic pain (Bhatt & Negi, 2006). Local vaidyas in Ukhimath block, Uttarakhand use fruit juice to treat fever (Manandhar, 1995), while the fruit extract to treat rheumatic pain and mouth ulcers (Semwal et al., 2010; Samal et al., 2004). The seeds are reported to be useful for the treatment of oral infections and intestinal complaints (Ahmad et al., 1976).

Medicinal properties of the plant in Ayurveda

For fruits the taste is sweet, bitter & astringent; physical properties are cold, heavy and dry, potency is cold, taste of fruit after digestion is pungent. Actions of fruit include alleviation of vital pitta & vata and as blood purifier (Anonymous, 2008). For inflorescence taste is bitter and astringent, physical property is dry, cold in potency, taste after digestion is pungent. Actions of inflorescence include alleviation of vital pitta & vata, refrigerant, anti diarrheal, diuretic, jointer, wound healer and as blood purifier (Anonymous, 1999).

Recommended dose of fruit is 1-2 g (Anonymous, 2004) and inflorescence is 1-3 g in powder form (Anonymous, 1999).

Therapeutic uses

Fruits are used in the therapeutics of burning sensation in the body, fever, vomiting, blood disorders, vertigo, nervous system and rheumatic diseases (Anonymous, 2008) while inflorescence are used in the therapeutics of burning sensation in the body, fever, blood pitta diseases, amoebic dysentery and hyperhydrosis (Anonymous, 1999).

Safety Aspects

The drug used traditionally in prescribed doses may be considered safe (Gupta et al., 2008).

Important Ayurvedic formulations

Important Ayurvedic formulations of fruits include Jirakadi Modaka, Brhatphala Ghrta, Brhatcchagaladya Ghrta, Vyaghri Taila (Anonymous, 2008) while Ayurvedic formulations of inflorescence include Khadiradi Gutika, Eladi curna, Kanaka Taila, Kunkumadi Taila and Nilikadya Taila (Anonymous, 1999).

CONCLUSION

The above discussion clearly indicates that Callicarpa macrophylla is an important medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological spectrum. The plant shows the presence of many chemical constituents which are responsible for varied pharmacological and medicinal property. The literature claims that there is vast potential in this plant in view of therapeutics. Chemists and pharmacologists must explore this plant for the potent phyto- constituents and their pharmacological properties by which new chemical entities can be established to meet the challenges of pharmaceutical profession to fight the frightening diseases of the day and future.

Sidebar

Cite this article:

Pandey Ajay S., Srivastava Bhavana, Wanjari Manish M, Pandey Narendra K., Jadhav Ankush D (2014), CALLICARPA MACROPHYLLA: A REVIEW OF ITS PHYTO-CHEMISTRY, PHARMACOLOGY, FOLKLORE CLAIMS, AND AYURVEDIC STUDIES, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(3): 91-100

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