The balance of common vs. rare: a study of dragonfly (Insecta: Odonata) assemblages in the Brazilian Pampa biome

Abstract

We surveyed dragonflies (Odonata) at 87 sites in the anthropologically modified Pampa biome of southern Brazil to evaluate how regionally rare and common species form species assemblages in habitats with different water physiochemistry, habitat structures, and other environmental variables. We classified 9 out of the 90 species encountered as regionally common and 59 as regionally rare. A discriminant analysis confirmed that localities with only a few common species were characteristic in the set of rare species present, while localities housing more common species showed no clear pattern. A PCA revealed that a subset of the common species were strongly positively associated with water temperature, turbidity, dissolved O₂ and pH but negatively associated with desertification. In contrast, rare species were positively associated with grassland habitat, but negatively with agriculture, salinity, and conductivity. In general, the associations of the rare species were weaker than those of common species. Finally, a correlation suggested that sites with six or more common species present had a reduced number of rare species compared to sites with fewer common species. It is possible that common species reduce the available niche space for weaker competitors among the rare species. We conclude that the original species assemblages in the biome may have been species poor with few regionally common species. Current anthropogenic change has increased the number of common species, which in turn has negative effects on the survival possibilities of rare species.