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Abstract
The usefulness of water quality indices, as the indicators of water pollution, for assessment of spatial-temporal changes and classification of river water qualities was verified. Four water quality indices were investigated: WQI (considering 18 water quality parameters), WQI^sub min^ and WQI^sub m^ (considering five water quality parameters: temperature, pH, DO, EC and TSS) and WQI^sub DO^ (considering a single parameter, DO). The water quality indices WQI^sub min^, WQI^sub m^ and WQI^sub DO^ could be of particular interest for the developing countries because of the minimum analytical cost involved. As a case study, water quality indices were used to evaluate spatial and temporal changes of the water quality in the Bagmati river basin (Nepal) for the study period 1999-2003. The results allowed us to determine the serious negative effects of the city urban activity on the river water quality. In the studied section of the river, the water quality index (WQI) was 71 units (classified as good) at the entry station and 47.6 units (classified as bad) at the outlet station. For the studied period, a significant decrease in water quality (mean WQI decrease=11.6%, p=0.042) was observed in the rural areas. A comparative analysis revealed that the urban water quality was significantly bad as compared with rural. The analysis enabled to classify the water quality stations into three groups: good water quality, medium water quality and bad water quality. WQI^sub min^ resulted in overestimation of the water quality but with similar trend as with WQI and is useful for the periodic routine monitoring program. The correlation of WQI with WQI^sub min^ and DO resulted two new indices WQI^sub m^ and WQI^sub DO^, respectively. The classification of waters based on WQI^sub m^ and WQI^sub DO^ coincided in 90 and 93% of the samples, respectively.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]