1. Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to present the possible use of GIS tools for the measurement analysis of urban spatial layouts, using the square grid method. The functionality of tools available in the ArcMap application from ESRI is insufficient to conduct morphological and morphogenetic research. The authors had to create appropriate tools, using the Python programming language. The operational capabilities of the new tools were presented on examples of medieval towns of the Teutonic Order in Prussia (now in Poland): Nowy Staw, Elbląg and Grudziądz. The main criterion for the selection of the research group was the regularity of spatial planning and similar period of origin and territorial vicinity, resulting from being located by the same investor—the State of the Teutonic Order. The article is an introduction to a study of the measurement of a larger group of cities in the area of former Prussia, and its main purpose is to present and test the tool.
Scientific studies of the origins and processes of the formation of the spatial layouts in towns and villages date back to the 19th century [1]. Today, the morphological and morphogenetic research of settlement unit is mostly conducted by geographers, architects, historians and art historians [2]. Morphological studies of the settlement are also the domain of archaeology [3,4]. Each of these disciplines uses its own research apparatus, which emphasizes the different methodological aspects and sources. Regardless of the methodology adopted, retrogressive investigation of spatial arrangements faces many difficulties. The main barriers include the shortcomings of the source base, both written and cartographic, which often forces the hypothetical nature of many analyses [5,6]. The common denominator of morphological and morphogenetic settlement research is the analysis of archival cartographic material [1,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. However, we can be faced with numerous challenges when attempting to use archival maps and plans to obtain data concerning the spatial development of a given settlement unit in the past [15]. There can be also listed bad technical conditions and decreased legibility of archival documents, lack of carthometry or faithful mapping of the surface on a map plane, and the inaccuracy of archival cartography [5,16,17,18,19]. Metrological studies of modern base maps alone, not backed up by archaeological and architectural research, may lead to erroneous conclusions, due to the changing ownership divisions and development over the ages [20]. The process of ‘town-plan analysis’, which uses post-medieval cartography as a source from which to reconstruct medieval urban topographies, in contrast to the Conzenian school, is often criticized [15,21]. For these reasons, results based on cartographic sources have to be confronted with other data sources [2]. Analyses of non-cartographic sources conducted by historians and art historians are especially important here. For dozens of years now, the significance of archaeology and architecture in settlement research has been growing, as they serve to verify the assumptions and theories of both geographers and historians [22,23]. Therefore, it seems that the best results can be achieved by combining different research approaches with a critical analysis of the results obtained. Unfortunately, in practice, such studies are rare.
In urban morphogenetic and metrological research, the main aim is usually to find the roots of the form, to explain its genesis, and then to recreate its past development [24]. In morphological studies, the primary issue in the spatial research of urban layouts (measurement analysis) is the determination of modular rules for its measurement, and the discovery of the units of distance and area measurement used when plotting them in the field. The next stage in the metrological analysis is the search for the modular structure of field parcels, plots in urban settlements, urban blocks, building sites and other elements [25].
One of the methods used for metrological analyses of urban measurements is the square grid [25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. It is used as an auxiliary method when searching for modular divisions of a settlement, overlaying it on the layout under analysis [26,32]. The grid may be well-matched or not. The grid has to be drawn over a copy of the town plan, using trial and error. To examine a larger group of towns, a whole set of grids of different gauges and scales could be drawn by hand. Slightly translucent paper or transparent film for back-lit projectors was used for this purpose. The results of the analysis, the chartered spatial layout within a grid of a certain gauge, was presented on a separate sheet. Figure 1 shows the use of a typical manual graph paper for that purpose.
By using a modular grid for a town plan and conducting detailed metrological measurements, the shapes, size and proportions of markets, as well as plots and urban blocks can be analyzed. Based on empirical research, the initial dimensions of urban plots used to determine the most widely used measuring modules in the city centers can be recreated. By focusing on the issues of sizes and proportions of cities, modular layout schemes can be created for groups of cities with common geographical and chronological scopes [34,35].
The medieval surveyors may have plotted a certain grid of squares in the field when initially measuring for the city. Alternatively, they could have used the tradition of ancient geometry [25,34]. Such a method is an excellent way to facilitate the spatial planning of a regular medieval city. Very rarely can we find almost perfectly geometric examples of chartered cities because the initial plan is deformed by terrain limitations, such as a bend in the river, a steep hill, previous buildings and roads, or ownership divisions [36]. New towns, founded on the ‘raw root’ (in cruda radice), or in previously uninhabited locations, had a better chance of having a regular grid of streets and blocks [1]. This method of simple medieval parceling allows us to overlay rod or rope grids and other dimensions onto the plans of different cities.
We can distinguish two types of grids: primary—actual measurements and a grid of essential elements of the urban layout—which facilitates the discovery of the composition idea behind the urban settlement, an analysis of the elements of layout of individual systems, such as the location of the market, the ratio between its size and the overall area of the city, as well as an analysis of the repeatability of market dimensions in other elements of the city. Additionally, it makes it easier to compare different planning concepts [25].
The progress in the computerization of research processes may facilitate the morphological and morphometrical studies of urban centers. Over the last twenty years, new spatial analysis methods have appeared, utilizing GIS tools, as well as spatial and historical tools—Historical Geographic Information Systems (Historical GIS or HGIS) [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44]. New technologies allow for improvements of traditional research methods, introducing brand new data processing methods, and even expanding the current research perspectives. The application of GIS in studying the morphology and morphometry of settlements will surely not solve all methodological problems but may significantly facilitate analyses and create an opportunity to combine different approaches on a common plane.
The paper is organized as follows. The first section “Introduction” provides a brief overview of the traditional grid method used in urban morphology research. The next section, “Materials and Methods”, describes the study area and presents the new HGIS Tools set. The “Results” section contains analysis of usefulness of HGIS Tools in morphological studies, which is presented based on studies of selected cities. The article closes with “Discussion” and “Conclusions”, which summarize the possibility of using GIS tools for the analysis of historical urban layouts with the use of square grids.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
The examined towns of Elbląg, Grudziądz and Nowy Staw are located in the northern part of present Poland [45,46,47]. The urban centers selected to test the tool are characterized by a regular spatial layout, typical for cities of the late Middle Ages. They were granted city rights in the years 1246 (old town Elbląg), 1291 (Grudziądz) and 1343 (Nowy Staw). In Elbląg, instead of a rectangular or square market, there is a functioned widened street, parallel to the waterfront. Nowy Staw, founded under Chełmno law, also has an elongated market square, but the reason for this was the important function of serving the trade of the Vistula delta area. In Grudziądz, we have a layout of a classical Gothic town with an orthogonal spatial layout with a market in the center, in place of one of the quarters. From the 13th and 14th centuries until 1466, the towns and cities were located within the territory of the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. They were located under the rule of the Teutonic Order, so they are related not only in terms of chronology (time of foundation), but also territorially.
Figure 2 illustrates the geographical location of the towns analyzed with the HGIS tool. The studied centers are placed both within the present-day and medieval political boundaries.
2.2. Data Sources
The research mainly used digitalized city plans and orthophotomaps in various scales (Table 1). The time range of selected cartographic materials is 1710–2020. All cartographic materials were available in the form of reproductions in monographic publications (Nowy Staw) or as digitized source materials collected in the Historical Atlas of Polish Towns (Elbląg, Grudziądz), and in the POLONA digital repository (Elbląg). A contemporary orthophotomap from the portal mapy.geoportal.gov.pl (Grudziądz), which was also used in this study. The cartographic materials represent the historic center of Elbląg and Grudziądz. In the case of Elbląg, only the spatial layout of the Old Town was taken into consideration. The New Town area was excluded from the analysis. In Grudziadz, plans covering the area of the medieval town surrounded by walls were selected for analysis. In the case of Nowy Staw, due to its small spatial scale, the archival plans included the area of the entire town, together with its suburbs, and the central area, without the suburbs and the adjacent rural development of Nytyska Wieś.
The historical cartographic materials were spatially georeferenced. Archived plans, not available in digital form, were scanned at a resolution of 400 dpi and saved in *.tif format. Then, using the georeferencing tool available in the ArcMap software, the analyzed material was calibrated. The materials used in the study did not include information about the spatial reference system assigned to them, which would make it possible to perform mathematical operations converting the coordinates of points from one coordinate system to another, calibrating the plans. Therefore, a common orthophotomap was used as a reference map, by determining the Ground Control Points (GCP), they were georeferenced in the PL-1992 [6,53] coordinate system currently in use in Poland. Root Mean Square Error (RMS) was used as a measure of the spatial fit quality. RMS values and the number of ground control points are summarized in Table 2. Based on literature findings, it was considered that the achieved accuracies were sufficient for further research [54,55,56].
Additionally, in the research, publications and sources concerning the use of square grid methods and the application of the GIS method in historical studies, as well as those describing aspects of the history and metrology of the studied cities, were used.
2.3. GIS Tools
Conducting metrological analyses using computer techniques is similar to traditional ‘analogue’ methods. The primary stage of research involves the determination of measurement modules using a square grid. In the case of GIS tools, this stage has to be preceded by the spatial alignment (georeferencing) of archival cartographic materials. Calibration of the historical map is a vast subject, which has already been discussed at length in the literature [6,18,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68].
Initially, the square grid for metrological analyses was created using ArcMap 10.7, especially the geoprocessing tools in the ArcToolBox module. Primarily, the Create Fishnet tool available in the Data Management Toolbox, Sampling set, was used. The Create Fishnet tool is available in all versions of ArcMap and in ArcGIS Pro, whereas in the open source software QGIS, there is a tool called “Create grid”, which has similar functionality but additionally allows to create diamond and hexagon cell shapes [69]. It was discovered that the functionality of these tools is insufficient to conduct morphometrical research, as it does not allow full customization of the overlaid grid to the required shape and orientation of the polygon study area, which limits their usability, especially in the case of a larger number of analyzed towns plans. The authors used Python programming language to create their own set of tools and added it to the ArcToolbox in ArcMap 10.7. The ArcPy site package was used, as it allows for creating scripts in Python to enable access to geoprocessing tools, as well as additional functions, classes and modules. This allows for significant improvements, even to the more complex data processing. For ease of access, the scripts (tools) were placed in the HGIS Tools box (Supplementary Materials). The set consists of two scripts: HGIS Fishnet and HGIS Fishnet Rhombus.
The first and primary analytical tool used to create a square grid is the Fishnet script. It is based on the CreateFishnet_management (...) function of ArcPy site package, which requires several parameters. The primary innovative function of the HGIS Fishnet tool is the ability to precisely align the grid with the area of study.
The functionality of the script allows the creation of any number of grids with different cell sizes. What is especially important for metrological research is that the grids can be applied to any location of the city plan that serves as a base layer for analyses. The location must be defined by the user as rectangular polygon saved in the shape file. This allows for acceleration and significant automation of work, with minimum user requirements. The user has to specify only four parameters: working space—location, where the output layer will be stored, the name of the output layer, the location of the shape file containing the extent of the study area and the cell size (Figure 3). The functionality of this tool is enhanced by adding the ability to choose the cell size from a list that contains medieval distance measures used in the area of study. In addition, the HGIS Fishnet tool allows for differentiating the width and height of the cell size by filling in the ‘Multiplicity’ field.
In the next stages of the square grid creation, invisible to the user, a buffer is created around the area of study (Figure 4). The buffer is sized according to the cell gauge, which allows for its later precise alignment to the city plan (base layer) to determine its measurement module. The coordinates of the four end points for the maximum spatial buffer range are then downloaded and used to apply rotation to the grid, in line with the rotation of the area of study. The result is a grid with the chosen cell size and proper rotation, aligned to the extent of study area, expanded by the initially created buffer.
Not all medieval chartered towns were identically measured in space. This could have been caused by an uneven terrain, the course of rivers, an earlier communication system, or the existence of earlier ownership divisions. Therefore, another tool called HGIS Fishnet Rhombus was created to allow for the formation of a grid based on a study area that is not rectangular. HGIS Fishnet Rhombus allows the user to create a rhomboid grid. The principle operation of this tool is different than that of HGIS Fishnet. Grid geometry (angles α and β) (Figure 5) is based on the drawn polygon (tetragon) that includes the study area. The tool uses mainly the UpdateCursor (...) function of the ArcPy site package. The script creates construction lines, parallel to the boundaries of the study area, at intervals defined by the user. The user can choose the cell size from a list or define it directly by entering a value in meters. Then, the construction lines are changed into a grid. A certain limitation of this tool is that the areas of study are of an irregular shape, in some specific cases, the grid may not completely cover the area. However, this problem can be solved by slightly enlarging the polygon that marks the boundaries of the area under investigation.
Although the operation of both tools from the HGIS Tool box is based on the assumptions of the Create Fishnet tool from the Data Management Tools Sampling set, available in ArcToolbox (ArcMap 10.7), significant changes were made. The HGIS Tools enable better matching of the grid to the study area, while reducing the need to specify many parameters by the user. Table 3 presents a comparison of the parameters and functionality of the standard Create Fishnet tool and HGIS Tools.
Geospatial approaches for the analysis of historical cartographic material requires their proper preparation and the use of geoprocessing tools. The procedure of preparation of historical cartographic materials for analysis with the use of HGIS tools was summarized in a schematic workflow given in Figure 6.
3. Results
The functionality of the HGIS Tool set was presented by overlaying a number of square grids on archival and modern maps of the chosen towns. The examples of towns studied were selected to represent both different morphogenesis, size and importance during the medieval period and today, and to have slightly different features of spatial planning of their old towns. Nowy Staw is characterized by a very elongated town square, whereas Elbląg is characterized by a grid layout whose actual layout module, due to the adaptation to local terrain features, is neither square nor rectangular. Finally, Grudziądz represents the typical, fully developed form of a Gothic town with a regular market square. Such a selection of the settlement units allowed for the analysis of various functionalities of the tested tool.
The analysis started with Nowy Staw, a small town in Gdańsk Pomerania, chartered over an earlier village, which was built near a pre-charter settlement. The most likely date of charter made by the Teutonic Knights under Chełmno law is 1343. In the Middle Ages, Żuławy was already a very productive agricultural area, due to the fertile alluvial soil forming the Vistula delta. Its considerable distance from Gdańsk and Elbląg did not allow a hike from one’s residence to the cities to sell crops and back home in a single day. Hence, there was a need to create a new commercial center to serve local agriculture in the middle of the Vistula delta.
The commercial function of the town is emphasized by its large marketplace, measuring 250 by 45 m (initially probably 60 × 10 rods), which occupied a large portion of the chartered town. The first map, on which a square grid was overlaid, shows Nowy Staw (Neuteich) in 1802 after the fire. Figure 7 shows the process of creating a square grid using the HGIS Fishnet tool. The first step involved the determination of the study area whose shape would resemble the marketplace and include the whole town presented by the map (Figure 7a). Next, the tool was launched, with 1 Chełmno rod, used in Silesia and Pomerania in the 14th century, as the cell size [25]. A buffer equal to the cell size was created around the study area to ensure the inclusion of the whole area in the grid and allow small corrections of its location. Then, a square grid of adopted cell size was created within the buffer (Figure 7b). Additionally, the same tool was used to overlay a second grid, with a cell size 10 times larger than 1 rod, over the study area (Figure 7c). The square (cell size) of 10 rods was called ‘wężysko’ (snakepit). Overlaying two grids over the map allowed for the notation of significant elements of spatial planning, such as the marketplace, an urban block, and the streets (Figure 7d).
This process was repeated for the oldest preserved city plan from 1711. The aim of this operation was to compare the layout and measurement of Nowy Staw before the great fire of 1802 (Figure 8a) and after the regulation of the town following this event (Figure 8b).
An analysis of the oldest preserved plan did not require the recreation of grids and tedious drawing. The digitized and calibrated maps had only to be added to the ArcMap project. By comparing the plans of Nowy Staw from the years 1711 and 1802, it was determined that the earlier plan showed that the layout was not perfectly plotted, so the intended courses of streets, the shape of the marketplace and urban plots was not preserved throughout the existence of the town. This was probably influenced by the local topography, the valley of the Święta river, the existence of Nytyska Wieś that preceded the town, and the pre-charter communication system. As a result of the regulation, the layout of Nowy Staw was cleaned and made more geometric, but the primary elements did not vanish (Figure 8a,b).
Elbląg is an interesting example of an old chartered city. It received the Lübeck law in 1246, which was often given to ports. The spatial layout of such cities, in which the street network was perpendicular or almost perpendicular to the main commercial street or the market square from the port wharf is called a grate layout [24]. Elbląg is an interesting example in which the axis of the streets and urban plots is inclined in relation to the primary route at an angle other than 90 degrees. Such a layout of the streets and plots makes using a regular square grid practically useless. The HGIS Fishnet Rhombus tool developed by the authors allowed for plotting a differently shaped grid, namely, a rhombus grid. A comparison of the traditional and new grids is shown in Figure 9. Despite graphical differences between the maps, the analysis of the module measurements has confirmed that a study conducted using GIS tools is similar to the one conducted using traditional methods.
The HGIS Tools square grid method can be successfully applied not only to analyzing archival town plans but also to modern cartographic materials, such as orthophotomaps. This is shown using a series of plans of Grudziądz, founded on the riverside slope of the right bank of the Vistula river (Figure 10). The city was most likely founded in the mid eleventh century, and chartered in 1391 under Chełmno law. To this day, it has preserved much of its initial, regular spatial layout.
4. Discussion
The aim of the study was to empirically verify the usefulness of the created tools for the measurement analysis of the historical cartographic materials. The analysis was carried out using the HGIS Tools toolbox. The conducted research confirmed the usefulness of HGIS Tools for generating the grid for morphological and morphometric studies for the example of selected urban centers. Grids of squares are widely used in the analysis of urban areas [27,35]. The use of grids of excavation squares is among the basic research tools in archaeology [31]. Various types of square grids are also used in other analyses, such as studies of the spatial development of cities [72,73,74,75,76,77,78], cities’ landscape change and land use [79,80,81]. They are also used in studies on urban climate, build-up areas [76,82,83,84,85] and on issues related to the quality of life of inhabitants [86,87] or population density [88]. In most of the cases cited, grids were created using GIS tools, including those available in ArcMap software. Not surprisingly, these tools have come into widespread use also on HGIS grounds, including urban studies [89]. It should be noted that the progress in the computerization of research processes may facilitate the morphological and morphogenetic studies of urban centers. In recent years, Historical GIS appeared as a new spatial analysis methods, utilizing GIS tools, as well as spatial and historical tools [90]. New technologies allow for improvements of the traditional research methods, introduce brand new data processing methods, and even expand current research perspectives. According to Gregory et al. [91], there are three main benefits of GIS for historical research. Firstly, spatial locations of objects can be used to organize the data and different datasets in various ways. Secondly, data can be visualized in a variety of ways, using conventional maps or different technics. Thirdly, spatial analysis tools can be used to investigate the data. On a larger scale, GIS tools have been used in the study of metrology, urban spatial layouts and archaeology since the early 1990s [11,31,35,37,38,92,93]. The application of GIS in studying the morphology and morphometry of settlements will surely not solve all methodological problems [5,6,94] but may significantly facilitate analyses and create an opportunity to combine different approaches on a common plane.
The biggest advantage of the proposed HGIS Fishnet tool is the ability to easily and quickly adjust the grid cell size to the calibrated town plan, whereas traditional methods force the necessity of drawing separate grids for plans of different scales. The tool also provides custom alignment of the grid to the area of study and the ability to automatically convert historical measurement units to modern ones and vice versa, which is a considerable improvement, compared to the standard ArcToolBox ‘Create Fishnet’ tool. Additionally, the tool provides ease of comparison and analysis of results for many cities, and the possibility to attach and overlay several historical and modern maps (including Digital Terrain Model—DTM and orthophotomaps) on the map under analysis.
A certain limitation in the use of the HGIS Fishnet tool may be the requirement for proficient use of GIS software. However, the popularity of the use of Geographic Information Systems as research tools allows us to assume that the majority of users will not have problems with its application. A more serious problem seems to be the appearance of errors in the spatial alignment of the historical maps. Maps should be calibrated using control points and the type of geometric correction that ensures the lowest possible Root Mean Square Error (RMS) and deformation. Map calibration distortions can have a significant impact on the performance of the tools because they are unevenly distributed over the map surface [18]. This can make it difficult to size the grid cells proportionally to the size of the distortion. The values of the distortions and their impact are an individual feature of historical cartographic materials resulting from the adopted parameters of calibration. Proper preparation of source materials and taking into account the occurring calibration errors allows for the use of tools and an efficient, time-saving analysis. Another limitation in the use of tools is their incompatibility with software other than ArcMap. The tools do not work with ArcGIS Pro and opensource software, such as QGIS. However, it is possible to develop the tool and adapt it for use in other types of software.
Selected town plans were used to demonstrate the functionality of the new HGIS Fishnet tool. Thanks to the tool, it was possible to confirm information on medieval measurements used in the planning of Elbląg and Grudziądz, and to determine probable measurements for Nowy Staw. These results may indicate the utility and usefulness of the developed tool in metrological studies of towns. According to the authors, the HGIS Fishnet tool can be used for the analysis of various regular cities, dating from ancient times to the present. These can be cities from different geographical regions as well as periods of urban development, which have a regular spatial layout [27,35].
5. Conclusions
This paper presents the possible use of the HGIS Tools set developed by the authors for measurement analysis of urban spatial layouts, using the square grid method. The ‘Create Fishnet’ tool offered in ArcMap 10.7 did not yield satisfactory results, as it did not allow the custom alignment of the grid to the required shape and orientation of the study area, nor the ability to create a slanted grid in which the cell is not regular, but rhombus shaped. For this reason, a new HGIS Tools set was developed. The tools were tested using plans of regular chartered towns from the former monastic State of the Teutonic Order.
An analysis of comparison of features offered by the two methods of square grid plotting showed that the HGIS Tools set allows better functionality and speed. This can be particularly useful when study of a larger number of towns or cities is needed. Any number of grids with the desired cell size may be applied to city plans. A comparison of results of layout and measurement studies using GIS methods should also be considered to be easier and faster. The primary drawback of the tool proposed by the authors is the need to familiarize oneself with the GIS software, even to a minimal extent. Especially important is the knowledge of the editing tools used to create a detailed area of study to be filled with a grid of basic fields.
Quick creation of multiple grids was also tested, as well as their application to any calibrated map in different configurations. The usefulness of these tools is proven by tests conducted on town plans that were already studied using traditional square grids.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the use of traditional methods, as well as the new version of the tool proposed here to create square grids is just one of the elements that support the process of analyzing the layout, measurements and morphology of medieval or any other cities. As mentioned at the beginning of the paper, the methodology used in historical geography, based on analyses of archival town plans, should be confronted with historical sources and verified through archaeological research.
The authors hope that the proposed HGIS Tools will be useful in modern research on urban layout, measurements and morphology. The presented paper is an introduction to further research dedicated to the metrological analysis of a larger group of cities, using the proposed tool.
Supplementary Materials
The following are available online at
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, Łukasz Musiaka and Marta Nalej; methodology, Łukasz Musiaka and Marta Nalej; software, Marta Nalej; validation, Łukasz Musiaka and Marta Nalej; formal analysis, Łukasz Musiaka and Marta Nalej; investigation, Łukasz Musiaka and Marta Nalej; resources, Łukasz Musiaka and Marta Nalej; data curation, Marta Nalej; writing—original draft preparation, Łukasz Musiaka and Marta Nalej; writing—review and editing, Łukasz Musiaka and Marta Nalej; visualization, Łukasz Musiaka and Marta Nalej; supervision, Marta Nalej; project administration, Łukasz Musiaka; funding acquisition, Łukasz Musiaka and Marta Nalej. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. These data can be found here:
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Faculty of Geographical Sciences at University of Lodz.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Figures and Tables
![View Image - Figure 1. Hand-drawn sketch of the most important elements of the city layout on the background of the squares grid, example of Wieliczka [33].](https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/THUM/2/AKEPK?_a=ChgyMDI1MDQyNzA1MzExMDEwMjo2NDkwMDgSBzEzODMzMjMaCk9ORV9TRUFSQ0giDTE4LjIyMi4yMjcuMjQqBzIwMzIzODcyCjI1NjUyNTI3MzU6C0lubGluZUltYWdlQgEwUgZPbmxpbmVaA0lMSWIEVEhVTWoKMjAyMS8wMS8wMXIKMjAyMS8xMi8zMXoAggEgUC0xMDAwMDg0LTIwMTM5NS1TVEFGRi1udWxsLW51bGySAQZPbmxpbmXKAWdNb3ppbGxhLzUuMCBBcHBsZVdlYktpdC81MzcuMzYgKEtIVE1MLCBsaWtlIEdlY2tvOyBjb21wYXRpYmxlOyBDbGF1ZGVCb3QvMS4wOyArY2xhdWRlYm90QGFudGhyb3BpYy5jb20p0gESU2Nob2xhcmx5IEpvdXJuYWxzmgIHUHJlUGFpZKoCG09TOkVNUy1GdWxsVGV4dC1nZXRGdWxsVGV4dMoCD0FydGljbGV8RmVhdHVyZeICAPICAPoCAVmCAwNXZWKKAxxDSUQ6MjAyNTA0MjcwNTMxMTAxMDI6NTk0NTE4&_s=mcLa7OhPQ%2FChLOKbfXx5f2lQ2lI%3D "View Image - Figure 1. Hand-drawn sketch of the most important elements of the city layout on the background of the squares grid, example of Wieliczka [33].")
Enlarge this image.Figure 1. Hand-drawn sketch of the most important elements of the city layout on the background of the squares grid, example of Wieliczka [33].
![View Image - Figure 2. Location of the study area [48].](https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/THUM/4/AKEPK?_a=ChgyMDI1MDQyNzA1MzExMDEwMjo2NDkwMDgSBzEzODMzMjMaCk9ORV9TRUFSQ0giDTE4LjIyMi4yMjcuMjQqBzIwMzIzODcyCjI1NjUyNTI3MzU6C0lubGluZUltYWdlQgEwUgZPbmxpbmVaA0lMSWIEVEhVTWoKMjAyMS8wMS8wMXIKMjAyMS8xMi8zMXoAggEgUC0xMDAwMDg0LTIwMTM5NS1TVEFGRi1udWxsLW51bGySAQZPbmxpbmXKAWdNb3ppbGxhLzUuMCBBcHBsZVdlYktpdC81MzcuMzYgKEtIVE1MLCBsaWtlIEdlY2tvOyBjb21wYXRpYmxlOyBDbGF1ZGVCb3QvMS4wOyArY2xhdWRlYm90QGFudGhyb3BpYy5jb20p0gESU2Nob2xhcmx5IEpvdXJuYWxzmgIHUHJlUGFpZKoCG09TOkVNUy1GdWxsVGV4dC1nZXRGdWxsVGV4dMoCD0FydGljbGV8RmVhdHVyZeICAPICAPoCAVmCAwNXZWKKAxxDSUQ6MjAyNTA0MjcwNTMxMTAxMDI6NTk0NTE4&_s=5u0NV29fWYorKo30oOHcuwK%2BlwU%3D "View Image - Figure 2. Location of the study area [48].")
![View Image - Figure 3. Description of the HGIS Fishnet tool interface [70].](https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/THUM/6/AKEPK?_a=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&_s=JxO8T26bQYFdoSST2%2FWRP75wWvM%3D "View Image - Figure 3. Description of the HGIS Fishnet tool interface [70].")
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. HGIS Fishnet tool workflow stages: (a) buffering study area, (b) collecting of the four end points of the buffer maximum range coordinates, (c) rotation of the grid in accordance with the study area rotation, (d) trimming of the grid to the extent of the study area.
Enlarge this image.Figure 5. HGIS Fishnet Rhombus tool workflow stages: (a) creating lines referring to the area of study at a distance corresponding to the adopted measure unit and determining the size of the angles of the study area range, (b) copying and shifting horizontal and vertical lines within the range, (c) grid line coverage of the study area, (d) converting the line grid to a polygon grid and trimming of the grid to the extent of the study area.
Enlarge this image.Figure 6. Schematic workflow of preparation of historical cartographic materials for analysis with the use of HGIS tools.
Enlarge this image.Figure 7. The use of HGIS tools. Example of Plan von der Königlichen Immediat Stadt Neuteich (Town plan) 1802: delimitation of the study area (a), creation of grid (cell size 1 rod) (b), imposition of a modular grid (cell size 10 rods) (c), zoom to the study area and searching for the principles of the modular layout of the city (d).
Enlarge this image.Figure 8. Comparison of the grid created using HGIS Tools for the Gründ Riss der Stadt Neuteich (Town plan) 1710, before the fire of year 1711 (a) and Plan von der Königlichen Immediat Stadt Neuteich (Town plan) 1802, after the regulation of the city (b).
![View Image - Figure 9. Comparison of the research results conducted using traditional method (a) [71] and HGIS tools, example of Plan de la Ville d’Elbing (Town plan) (b).](https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/THUM/18/AKEPK?_a=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&_s=BHfEp3HCNzHTtkIVBNzuZdKYRN0%3D "View Image - Figure 9. Comparison of the research results conducted using traditional method (a) [71] and HGIS tools, example of Plan de la Ville d’Elbing (Town plan) (b).")
Enlarge this image.Figure 9. Comparison of the research results conducted using traditional method (a) [71] and HGIS tools, example of Plan de la Ville d’Elbing (Town plan) (b).
Enlarge this image.Figure 10. An example of the possibility of applying HGIS tools. Grid imposed on archival Grundriss der Stadt Graudenz Anno 1772 (Town plan) (a), Town plan (Grudziądz) from the year 1897 (b), and a contemporary orthophotomap (c).
Characteristics of cartographic materials and sources used in the analysis.
| Name | Time Reference | Area | Scale or Resolution | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gründ Riss der Stadt Neuteich (Town plan) | 1710 | Historic town area | 1:3300 | [49] |
| Plan von der Königlichen Immediat Stadt Neuteich (Town plan) | 1772–1802 | Historic town center | 1:3300 | [49] |
| Plan von der Königlichen Immediat Stadt Neuteich (Town plan) | 1802 | Historic town center | 1:3300 | [49] |
| Plan de la Ville d’Elbing (Town plan) | 1774 | Historic Old Town | 1:7000 | [50] |
| Grundriss der Stadt Graudenz Anno 1772 (Town plan) | 1772 | Historic Old Town | indefinite | [51] |
| Town plan (Grudziądz) | 1897 | Historic Old Town | 1:5000 | [51] |
| Grudziądz (Orthophotomap) | 2020 | Historic Old Town | 1:2000 | [52] |
Characteristics of the quality of spatial matching of source materials, summary of Ground Control Points (GCP) and Root Mean Square Errors (RMS).
| Name | Time Reference | Ground Control Points |
Root Mean Square Error RMS [m] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gründ Riss der Stadt Neuteich (Town plan) | 1710 | 31 | 5.7 |
| Plan von der Königlichen Immediat Stadt Neuteich (Town plan) | 1772–1802 | 16 | 4.5 |
| Plan von der Königlichen Immediat Stadt Neuteich (Town plan) | 1802 | 27 | 4.7 |
| Plan de la Ville d’Elbing (Town plan) | 1774 | 30 | 3.7 |
| Grundriss der Stadt Graudenz Anno 1772 (Town plan) | 1772 | 18 | 2.8 |
| Town plan (Grudziądz) | 1897 | 30 | 1.4 |
Comparison of the parameters and functionality of the standard Create Fishnet tool (standard ArcToolbox—ArcMap 10.7) and HGIS Tools.
| Parameter | Description | HGIS Fishnet Tools | Create Fishnet Tools |
|---|---|---|---|
| Out feature class | The output feature class containing the fishnet of rectangular cells. | Workspace determined by the user with the name of the output file containing fishnet. | Workspace determined by the user with the name of the output file containing fishnet. |
| Origin coordinates | The starting pivot point of the fishnet. | Determined automatically based on the extent specified by the user in the *.shp (Extent). | It requires precise coordinates specified by the user. |
| Y axis coordinates | The Y-axis coordinate is used to orient the fishnet. | Determined automatically based on the extent specified by the user in the *.shp (Extent). | It requires precise coordinates specified by the user. |
| Cell width | Determines the width of each cell. | Selected by the user from a drop-down list. | Specified by the user or calculated based on the number of columns. |
| Cell height | Determines the height of each cell. | Selected by the user from a drop-down list. | Specified by the user or calculated based on the number of rows. |
| Number of rows | Determines the number of rows the fishnet will have. | Calculated automatically based on the cell size. | Specified by the user or calculated based on the number of cell height. |
| Number of columns | Determines the number of columns the fishnet will have. | Calculated automatically based on cell size. | Specified by the user or calculated based on the number of cell width. |
| Corner coordinates | The opposite corner of the fishnet set by X-Coordinate and Y-Coordinate values. Allows the user to specify the extent of the grid (optional). | Determined automatically based on the extent specified by the user in the *.shp (Extent). | It requires precise coordinates specified by the user. |
| Labels | Specifies whether a point feature class will be created containing label points at the centre of each fishnet cell (optional). | Not available | Created automatically. |
| Extent | Specifies the extent of the fishnet (optional). | Specified by the user *.shp file including boundaries of the area covered by the fishnet. | Specified by the user *.shp file including boundaries of the area covered by the fishnet. |
| Geometry type | Determines if the output fishnet cells will be polyline or polygon features (optional). | Polygon | Polygon or polyline |
© 2021 by the authors.
Details
