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Introduction
Although there has been much misinterpretation and excessive use of the term, "open access" (OA) has been clearly defined in the Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin public statements of the early 2000s ([79] Suber, 2004). The qualities of openness to and accessibility of scholarly resources have been accentuated in all three definitions; they all call for the removal of price and permission barriers. With minor differences, the essentials of OA are commonly agreed. The Budapest statement is cited here as an example of how OA has been viewed:
By "open access" to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited (www.soros.org/openaccess).
In practice, there are a variety of OA models. The most popular ones include OA journals that publish articles through a peer-review process and provide free access for everyone to these articles, as well as OA digital repositories (also known as archives or e-prints) that contain pre-prints of scholarly work, also free of charge to the public. There are overlaps between these two models, e.g. a repository may also accept post-prints after peer review and an OA journal may be operated through a repository service. Within each model, there are multiple OA strategies. For repositories, two discrete categories coexist to serve the scholarly community, that is, subject-based (or disciplinary-based) repositories that are designed for and support scholarly communication in one or some closely related academic areas, and institution-based repositories that are initiated by and serve an institution. For OA journals, there are different business models, e.g. author-pay for publishing, author-pay for free access, and toll-free journals.
Given that open access has been around for two decades ([80] Suber, 2009), it is time to develop an overall understanding of the progress...