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ABSTRACT

The kidneys are complex organs, and they are vital in maintaining normal body functions. A human being's survival depends, to a large degree, on the crucial functions and processes performed by the kidneys. The renal system affects all parts of the body by keeping body fluids in balance and other organ systems functioning normally. Renal and urologic disorders may strike anyone at any age and at any time. An estimated 20 million Americans are affected with renal disorders each year. AORN J 68 (Nov 1998) 800-820.

The kidneys are complex organs that are vital in maintaining normal body functions. The primary function of the kidney is to regulate the fluid and electrolyte and acid-base balances of the body to create a stable environment for tissue and cell metabolism. This life-sustaining function is accomplished by balancing solute and water transport, excreting metabolic waste products, conserving nutrients, and regulating acid-base balance in the body.

End-stage renal disease (ie, uremia) results when the kidneys fail to perform these crucial functions. End-stage renal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Approximately one person in 10,000 annually develops ESRD.' Renal diseases present a wide range of challenges to the patient, his or her family members, and nursing and medical staff members. Current treatments make it possible for patients with ESRD to live productive lives despite the problems and challenges associated with kidney failure.

ANATOMY OF THE RENAL SYSTEM

The human body is nearly two-thirds water. The renal system affects all parts of the body by keeping other organ systems functioning normally and the fluids in balance. The renal-urologic system includes two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and the urethra. The normal adult kidney is bean-shaped and is located retroperitoneally between the level of the 12th thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. The right kidney lies slightly lower than the left because of displacement by the liver. The left kidney is slightly longer than the right and lies closer to the midline. A heavy cushion of fat keeps the kidneys in position. As they lie between the abdominal organs and the muscles of the back, the kidneys are well protected from trauma (Figure 1).2

The ureters are tubes that measure from 27 to...

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