THE HEXACO PERSONALITY DOMAINS IN THE CROATIAN SAMPLE

Abstract

The paper examines Ashton and Lee's six-factor model of personality (2001 ; Lee & Ashton, 2004). The Croatian version of HEXACO-PI-(R) has been applied on a sample of Croatian university students (N = 1004). According to the data obtained, the designated six HEXACO factors were confirmed in the Croatian sample. Six HEXACO dimensions showed expected relations with Big Five personality traits. Gender differences in HEXACO personality domains are mainly in line with theoretical expectations. The results of our study confirm the validity of the HEXACO personality model in Croatia. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Headnote

The paper examines Ashton and Lee's six-factor model of personality (2001 ; Lee & Ashton, 2004). The Croatian version of HEXACO-PI-(R) has been applied on a sample of Croatian university students (N = 1004). According to the data obtained, the designated six HEXACO factors were confirmed in the Croatian sample. Six HEXACO dimensions showed expected relations with Big Five personality traits. Gender differences in HEXACO personality domains are mainly in line with theoretical expectations. The results of our study confirm the validity of the HEXACO personality model in Croatia.

Keywords: HEXACO, personality, the Big Five, validity, Croatia

HEXACO dimenzije licnosti u hrvatskom uzorku

U ovom radu ispituie se prikladnost HEXACO modela licnosti autora Ashtona i Leea (2001; Lee i Ashton, 2004). Hrvatska inacica instrumenta HEXACO-PI-(R) primijenjena je na uzorku studenata Zagrebackoga sveucilista (N = 1004). Na temelju provedenih analiza potvrdena je ocekivana sesterofaktorska struktura te je sest ekstrahiranih HEXACO dimenzija pokazalo ocekivanu povezanost s dimenzijama licnosti modela Velikih pet. Utvrdene rodne razlike u HEXACO dimenzijama licnosti odgovarale su teorijskim ocekivanjima i ranijim empirijskim nalazima. Na temelju svih rezultata zakljucuje se kako je HEXACO model licnosti, operacionaliziran instrumentom HEXACO-PI-(R), potvrden u hrvatskom uzorku.

Kljucne rijeci: HEXACO, licnost, Velikih pet, valjanost, Hrvatska

INTRODUCTION

In this article, we will present a study on the evaluation of the HEXACO personality model in Croatia. The model proposes the existence of six personality dimensions - Honesty-Humility (H), Emotionality (E), extraversión (X), Agreeableness (A), Consci- entiousness (C), and Openness to Experience (O). The new HEXACO model represents a reorganization of the Big Five/Five-Factor traits in which the additional dimension Honesty-Humility is included (Lee & Ashton, 2004).

The HEXACO model of personality emerged from revi- sited analyses of lexical personality studies which revealed that personality space is better defined as six-dimensional, than five- -dimensional (Ashton & Lee, 2007; Ashton et al., 2004; Ashton et al., 2006a). A common six-factor structure has emerged in personality lexicons of Dutch, French, German, Llungarian, Italian, Korean, and Polish languages (Ashton et al., 2004). Re- cent studies that have reanalysed the archival data recovered a similar six-dimensional structure in personality lexicons of English (Ashton, Lee, & Goldberg, 2004), Greek (Ashton & Lee, 2007), Croatian (Ashton, Lee, & de Vries, 2005), Turkish (Wa- sh, Lee, Ashton, & Somer, 2008), and Filipino (Ashton et al., 2006b). The positions of these six dimensions in the factor space were somewhat different from their traditional locations given by Big Five and Five-Factor models, which required a differ- ent theoretical interpretation of factors (Ashton & Lee, 2001). Six personality dimensions were identified and named Ho- nesty-Humility (H), Emotionality (E), extraversión (X), Agree- ableness (A), Conscientiousness (C), and Openness to Expe- rience (O), so their names suggest the acronym HEXACO. Di- mensions Extraversión, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience were very similar to the same Big Five dimensions; dimensions Agreeableness and Emotionality resembled simi- lar dimensions of the Big Five to a lesser degree; while Ho- nesty-Humility turned out to be a new and original factor of the six-dimensional structure and therefore represented a major departure from the previous personality models.

The content of the HEXACO factors (Lee & Ashton, 2004) will be briefly described here. Honesty-Humility is defined by honesty, fairness, sincerity, modesty, and lack of greed. This new personality dimension does not have its counterpart in the Big Five/Five-Factor models and represents new variance added to well-known personality models. Emotionality is de- fined by the following characteristics: anxiety, fearfulness, sen- timentality, dependence, and emotional reactivity versus self- -assurance, toughness, and bravery. This dimension is some- what similar to the Big Five Emotional Stability factor. Extra- versión is related to talkativeness, sociability, and cheerfulness versus shyness, passivity and quietness, and therefore it is ve- ry similar to Extraversión as defined in the Big Five. Agreeable- ness includes a nice and easy nature, tolerance, and kindness, versus being quick tempered, irritable, argumentative and critical. The content of this dimension is somewhat different from the Big Five Agreeableness, particularly because of its content of quick temper and irritability which in the Big Five resemble aspects of low Emotional Stability. Conscientious- ness is defined by hard work, organization, carefulness, and thoroughness, and therefore it is almost identical to the Big Five Conscientiousness dimension. Openness to Experience is defined by imagination, including originality and creativity traits, as well as intellectual curiosity or inquisitiveness. The intellect content, in the sense of general intelligence or mental ability, is not included. Thus, Openness to Experience just part- ly represents the Big Five Intellect/Imagination dimension.

Presented similarities and differences between the ITEXACO and the Big Five/Five-Factor models provide opportunity to verify the convergent validity of ITEXACO. The strongest cor- relations should be expected between the HEXACO factors of Extraversión and Conscientiousness and their Big Five coun- terparts. Further, relations between the HEXACO and Big Five dimensions Emotionality and Agreeableness should be some- what weaker as these two HEXACO dimensions can be seen as 30 degrees re-rotation from the axis locations of the two corresponding factors in the Big Five model (Lee & Ashton, 2004). A bit lower level of convergence between the HEXACO Openness to Experience and the Big Five Intellect/Imagination dimension is also expected. Finally, Honesty-Humility is sup- posed to be a unique and original personality dimension and therefore it is not expected to correlate highly with any perso- nality dimensions in the Big Five.

The expected correlations were verified by Lee and Ash- ton (2004), who compared personality dimensions measured by the HEXACO-PI and IPIP They found highest convergent validity for Extraversión (r=0.86), followed by Conscientious- ness (r=0.83), Emotionality (r=-0.74), and Agreeableness (r=0.72). Somewhat lower correlation was found between IPIP Intellect/ Imagination and HEXACO Openness to Experience (r=0.68). The relative independence and uniqueness of Honesty-Hu- mility is empirically supported by low correlations with IPIP di- mensions, where highest correlation of r=0.31 was found with dimension Pleasantness/Agreeableness (Lee & Ashton, 2004). Also, similar results were obtained in another study (Ashton & Lee, 2005). When using the Big Five Mini-Marker scales and IPIP measures, the strongest correlations between Honesty-Hu- mility and the Big Five traits are found for the Big Five Agree- ableness dimension: the correlations reached r=0.26 for the Big Five Mini-Marker, and r=0.28 for IPIP Big Five measure.

Similar results on relations among the HEXACO and Big Five personality dimensions were found in Korean and French speaking Canadian samples, particularly for Extraversión, Con- scientiousness and Openness to Experience (Boies, Yoo, Eba- cher, Lee, & Ashton, 2004). In both samples very high correla- tions were found between the HEXACO and Big Five dimen- sions of Extraversión and Conscientiousness, and moderately high correlations between the HEXACO Openness to Expe- rience and the Big Five Intellect/Imagination. However, in these samples, relations between the HEXACO dimensions of Emo- tionality and Agreeableness and their Big Five counterparts were not so clear. Both HEXACO Agreeableness and Emotio- nality moderately correlated with both the Big Five Agree- ableness and Emotional Stability. The authors concluded that such ambiguous relations could be expected, as they are partly consistent with the proposed re-rotation of the Agreeableness and Emotional Stability factor axes. Also, a moderate correla- tion between Honesty-Humility and Big Five Agreeableness (r=0.43) was also found in the French-speaking Canadian sample (Boies et al., 2004).

On the basis of theoretical interpretations suggested by Ashton and Lee (2001) and several empirical findings, sub- stantial gender differences in the HEXACO personality di- mensions can also be expected. A greater gender difference is expected in the Emotionality dimension, suggesting that wo- men are more emotional than men (e.g. Lee & Ashton, 2004; Lee, Ogunfowora, & Ashton, 2005; Ashton & Lee, 2009; de Vries, de Vries, de Hoogh, & Feij, 2009). Also, significant differences are expected in the Honesty-Humility scale, where women should score higher (Lee & Ashton, 2004; Ashton & Lee, 2009; de Vries et ah, 2009). Previous studies did not provide consis- tent findings for gender differences in Openness to Experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.

Our intention was to examine the appropriateness of the HEXACO personality model in a Croatian sample. Therefore, we translated the HEXACO-PI-(R) into Croatian and assessed a large sample of Croatian university students. On the basis of the collected data, we examined the psychometric charac- teristics of the instrument: the internal reliability of HEXA- CO-PI-(R) scales, its factor structure, and interscale correla- tions. Then we examined the validity of the HEXACO model by relating its six personality dimensions to well established measures of the Big Five personality traits, and investigated the expected gender differences in the HEXACO personality domains.

METHOD

Respondents

The respondents were undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Zagreb (474 males and 529 females and one respondent who did not indicate his/her gender). They were mostly 19-26 years old (Mdn=22) and were majoring in dif- ferent fields, such as psychology, computing and technology, law, economics. The total number of 1004 respondents was te- sted with the HEXACO-PI-(R), whereas on a smaller subsample of 525 respondents an additional measure of the Big Factor domains was also applied.

Instruments

HEXACO-PI-(R) personality measure

The ITEXACO-PI-(R) is a measure of the six ITEXACO perso- nality traits (Ashton & Lee, 2001, 2002; Ashton, Lee, & Gold- berg, 2004). It is the newer version of the previous HEXACO-PI instrument (Ashton & Lee, 2008, 2009) and it comes in three forms: 200-item, 100-item and 60-item, all available in a self-re- port and an observer report form. In the HEXACO-PI-(R), each personality dimension is represented with 4 personality fa- cets (all represented in Table 1). In addition, the interstitial facet of Altruism is also included, but as it divides its loadings between Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, and Agreeableness, it is excluded when calculating six HEXACO scores. There- fore, the HEXACO-PI-(R) comprises a total of 25 personality facets.

In this study, the 100-item form was applied. In the 100-item form, each personality facet is measured with 4 personality items on a 5-point Likert scale. The total HEXACO scores are calculated as sums of ratings on associated items divided by number of items per scale. The Cronbach's alpha reliability estimates of the 100-item form of HEXACO-PI-(R) obtained in previous study were as follows: aH=0.84; aE=0.83; ax=0.82; aA=0.82; ac= 0.78; ao=0.84 (Ashton & Lee, 2008).

The HEXACO-PI-(R) was translated into Croatian by two translators. They translated all items separately and later dis- cussed them to achieve a consensus on their precise meaning. After that, an independent experienced interpreter translated it back into English. The minor stylistic differences between the Croatian version and the original HEXACO-PI-(R) were discussed with authors Kibeom Lee and Michael Ashton, who approved the final back-translated Croatian version of the in- strument.

International Personality Item Pool (IPIP)

The International Personality Item Pool is a measure of the Big Five domains - Extraversión, Agreeableness, Conscientious- ness, Emotional Stability and Intellect. In this study, a short 50-item version with a 5-point Likert scale (Mlacic & Gold- berg, 2007) was applied. The previous studies confirmed a high reliability and validity of the Croatian version of the IPIP-50 (Mlacic, Milas, & Kratohvil, 2007). In this sample, the Cronbach's alpha reliability estimates were high (aextr=0.89; aagree=0.86; acosc=0.82; aemot=0.89; aintei=0.83) and the factor structure close- ly resembled the original five-dimensional model.

Administration procedure

The data was collected on-line, and participants were recruited through e-mail and facebook invitations. The response was voluntary and no feedback or incentives were given to respon- dents.

RESULTS

Scale descriptives, reliability and intercorrelations

The correlations among raw scale scores of the HEXACO-PI- (R) personality dimensions are presented in Table 1, together with Mean, Standard deviation and Cronbach's alpha relia- bility coefficient obtained for each scale. The reliability of the six personality dimensions was very good, as Cronbach alpha coefficients varied from 0.78 to 0.85 (Table 2). The six person- ality scales were mainly unrelated, with the highest correla- tions found among Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility, Agree- ableness and Emotionality, and Openness to Experience and Honesty-Humility of 0.24, -0.23, and 0.21, respectively.

The HEXACO structure

The 25 personality facets were submitted to principal compo- nent analysis. The first eight eigenvalues were as follows: 3.69, 2.97, 2.64, 2.09, 1.94, 1.28, 0.95, 0.92. The obvious decrease in eigenvalues occurred between the sixth and the seventh com- ponent. Both Kaiser-Guttman criterion and Scree-test clearly yielded the six-factor solution, which accounted for 58.4% of the variance of personality facets. The six factor solution was also confirmed by parallel analysis. According to parallel ana- lysis, six components should be retained as their eigenvalues exceeded the upper bound of mean random data eigenva- lues. The sixth observed eigenvalue of 1.28 still exceeds the 95th percentile random data eigenvalue of 1.17, whereas the se- venth observed eigenvalue of 0.95 is within the confidence in- terval (95th percentile 1.14).

The extracted six components were rotated to both vari- max and oblimin solutions. The varimax-rotated factors were almost identical to the oblimin-rotated factors (all the corre- sponding factor score correlations were above 0.988) which con- firmed the orthogonality of the components. The clear and simple varimax-rotated factor structure is presented in Table 3. According to the factor loadings, it can be seen that the ex- tracted dimensions had a clear and expected underlying struc- ture and that they strongly resembled the theoretical mean- ing of the six HEXACO dimensions.

All the personality facets had strong projections only on designated factors. The only exception is the Anxiety scale that had the strongest loading of 0.53 on Emotionality dimen- sion as expected, but also a moderate loading of -0.44 on Ex- traversión. Moreover, the interstitial facet of Altruism had no clear orientation towards any personality dimension as expec- ted, with maximal loadings of 0.48 on Emotionality and 0.40 on Honesty-Humility.

Moreover, the PCA yielded similar solutions in the fe- male and male samples (results of these analyses can be sent on request). The similarity of factor solutions obtained in the gender samples is confirmed with Tucker's coefficients of congru- ence, which are almost of maximal value (CCh=0.93; CCe=0.97; CCx=0.97; CCa=0.97; CCc=0.96; CCo=0.93) and therefore in- dicate the identical structure of personality dimensions in both the male and female samples.

Relation to the Big Five personality dimensions

We further examined the correlations with the Big Five per- sonality dimensions. The relations of the HEXACO personali- ty domains and facets to the Big Five personality factors are presented in Table 4. It can be seen that the HEXACO persona- lity dimensions Extraversión, Conscientiousness and Open- ness to Experience correlated with their Big Five counterparts 0.79, 0.74 and 0.70, respectively, and that all their facets were related to the matching Big Five dimensions. The HEXACO Emotionality dimension correlated -0.51 with Emotional Sta- bility of the Big Five model. Its facet of Anxiety was strongly related to Emotional Stability (r=-0.66), while other facets had moderate or just weak relations to the Big Five Emotional Sta- bility. The HEXACO Agreeableness dimension was just weak- ly related to the matching Big Five Agreeableness dimension (r=0.26), and it was even more strongly correlated to the Big Five Emotional Stability dimension (r=0.42). The Honesty-Hu- mility dimension was moderately related to the Big Five di- mension of Agreeableness (0.38).

Gender mean differences in personality

Finally, gender mean differences in personality domains were analyzed as a final aspect of construct validity of the FFEXACO instrument. As shown in Table 5, Cohen's d indicated a large difference in Emotionality in favor of women {d=-1.14). Mo- derate differences in favor of women were also found in Open- ness to Experience (d=-0.62) and Honesty-Humility (rf=-0.45). At last, a small, but substantial difference in Agreeableness was found in favor of men {d=0.35).

DISCUSSION

Our results show that the Croatian version of the HEXACO- -PI-(R) is a reliable measure of the six personality dimensions. The Cronbach's alpha internal reliability coefficients obtained in our sample ranged from 0.78 to 0.85. The observed coeffi- cients are in line with reliability coefficients of longer and shorter versions of the HEXACO instrument, which vary from 0.89 to 0.92 for HEXACO-PI 192-item form (Lee & Ashton, 2004) and from 0.77 to 0.80 for HEXACO-60 (Ashton & Lee, 2009).

The HEXACO personality domains, expressed as raw scale scores, are weakly correlated and represent distinct constructs, as expected. The highest correlation among the six personality scales was found among Agreeableness and Honesty-Humili- ty, Agreeableness and Emotionality, and Openness to Expe- rience and Honesty-Humility, with each pair sharing just up to 5% of common variance. Similar weak relations among the HEXACO types were also observed in previous studies on Ca- nadian samples (Ashton & Lee, 2009; Lee & Ashton, 2004), and Canadian francophone and Korean samples (Boies et al., 2004).

The factor structure of the Croatian HEXACO-PI-(R) was close to expectations and similar to earlier findings. The prin- cipal component analysis with Varimax rotation clearly yield- ed the expected six-factor solution which accounted for 58.4% of variance of 25 personality facets. However, in the original HEXACO-PI, six factors extracted by principal axis factoring explained a greater percentage of variance of personality facets (63.2%, Lee & Ashton, 2004), which is likely to be a result of two-times longer and therefore more reliable HEXACO-PI scales.

In our data, all personality facets had loadings on expected personality dimensions (Table 3), as in the original HEXACO- -PI (Lee & Ashton, 2004). Also, our findings confirmed that Altruism is the interstitial facet, as it showed weak to moder- ate loadings on all personality dimensions, as expected. The only small departure from the original model can be seen in the position of the Anxiety facet, which had the strongest loading of 0.53 on the designated Emotionality dimension, but also a moderate negative loading of -0.44 on the Extraversión dimension. The reason for this unexpected loading of Anxiety facet on Extraversión is the newly-introduced Social Self-Es- teem facet of Extraversión dimension which replaced former Expressiveness facet from HEXACO-PI. Social Self-Esteem facet turned out to be moderately related to Anxiety facet (r=-0.37; facet intercorrelations can be sent on request) and therefore was responsible for the common variance of Anxie- ty facet and Extraversión scale. According to the apparent six- -factor solution, the personality dimensions of Honesty-Hu- mility, Emotionality, Extraversión, Agreeableness, Conscien- tiousness and Openness to Experience have been firmly con- firmed in the Croatian sample. Moreover, they are also inva- riant across gender, as confirmed by Tucker's coefficients of congruence.

The relations among the HEXACO personality domains and the Big Five personality factors indicate expected relations (Table 4). As expected, the HEXACO-PI-(R) dimensions of Extraversión, Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience are strongly related to their Big Five counterparts (0.79, 0.74 and 0.70, respectively), which corresponds to theoretical ex- pectations and empirical findings (Lee & Ashton, 2004; Boies et al., 2004). Also, moderate correlations of the HEXACO Emo- tionality dimension to the Big Five Emotional Stability (-0.51) and Agreeableness (0.44) were observed, which highly corre- spond to theoretical expectations (Lee & Ashton, 2004) and findings of Boies et al. (2004). The HEXACO Agreeableness has a bit weaker relation to the Big Five Agreeableness (0.26) and moderate relation to Emotional Stability (0.42), and therefore just partly matches previous expectations (Lee & Ashton, 2004; Boies et al., 2004). This low correlation between Agreeable- ness in the two personality models is a result of different con- tent of two Agreeableness scales. Agreeableness dimension in the Big Five model is defined by willingness to help people, generousness and helpfulness, which are closely related to Altruism. In the HEXACO-PI-(R), Agreeableness is defined by facets of Forgiveness, Gentleness, Flexibility, and Patience, which are a bit different from the concept of Altruism. This content mismatch is confirmed by our results. If we look at the correlation between the Altruism HEXACO interstitial scale and the IPIP scale of Agreeableness, the relation is no- ticeable (0.71). Then again, the factor structure of HEXACO- -PI-(R) facets shows that Altruism is mostly unrelated to A- greeableness scale and its facets (Table 3). Thus, it is obvious that the Big Five Agreeableness scale relates to the content of Altruism stronger than the HEXACO Agreeableness dimension.

The proposed novelty of the HEXACO model, the Ho- nesty-Humility dimension, turned to be mainly unrelated to all Big Five factors, except for the moderate relation to the Big Five Agreeableness dimension (r=0.38). Similar relations among the HEXACO Honesty-Humility dimension and different Big- -Five personality markers or factors are found in other stu- dies which also stress the uniqueness of the Honesty-Humili- ty dimension (Ashton & Lee, 2009; Boies et al., 2004; Lee & Ashton, 2004; Ashton & Lee, 2005). However, the conclusion on relative originality and uniqueness of Honesty-Humility as personality dimension can be generalized only to the IPIP measure of the Big Five personality traits. For example, the NEO-PI-R measure of the Five Factor personality model con- tains facets of Agreeableness which correspond very closely to Honesty-Humility (particularly NEO facets Straightforward- ness and Modesty). Therefore the usage of the NEO-PI-R instead of the IPIP could possibly lead to different conclu- sions on independence and originality of the HEXACO Ho- nesty-Humility dimension in personality space.

Finally, we analyzed gender differences in personality do- mains. Females obtained higher scores than males on Emo- tionality (d=-1.14), Openness to Experience (d=-0.62) and Ho- nesty-Humility (rí=-0.45), while males scored higher on Agree- ableness dimension (rí=0.35). In previous studies, it was sy- stematically observed that females scored higher than males on Emotionality and Honesty-Humility for approximately 1 Sd and 0.50 Sd, respectively (Lee & Ashton, 2004; Ashton & Lee, 2009), which was also the case in our data. Also, in previous studies no gender differences were observed in Extraversión (Lee & Ashton, 2004; Ashton & Lee, 2009), which was also con- firmed by our data. Previous studies did not provide consi- stent findings for gender differences in Openness to Expe- rience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, and therefore no systematic expectations could be derived. Our results are in line with the most prominent findings on gender differ- ences in the HEXACO personality dimensions, and therefore they can serve as a support of the construct validity of the HEXACO-PI-(R) in the Croatian sample.

In sum, our findings firmly suggest that the HEXACO- -PI-(R) is an adequate framework for explaining the personal- ity of Croatian students and a valid measure of six broad per- sonality dimensions. In addition to the well-known personali- ty inventories, the HEXACO-PI-(R) provides new informa- tion by introducing the Honesty-Humility dimension to the common five-factor personality space.

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