Evaluation of shell powders of bush mango and hamburger bean as eco-friendly fluid loss control additives in water-based drilling mud

Abstract

The use of agro-based additives in drilling mud to reduce fluid loss and improve the rheological properties of mud has gained enormous attention owing to its biodegradability and low cost. This study evaluates the effects of shell powders of hamburger bean and bush mango as eco-friendly and cheap filtration control additives in water-based mud. Samples were formulated with different concentrations (5 g, 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g) of the shell powders to determine their effects on the filtration and rheological properties of the mud. From the results, both hamburger beans and bush mango shell powders improved the rheological properties of the fluid. Meanwhile, only 15 and 20 g of Bush mango shell powders reduce fluid loss by 10.5 and 13.2%, respectively. Similarly, the addition of 5 g, 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g of hamburger bean shell powders reduced fluid loss by 1.4, 8.82, 14.71, and 20.6%, respectively. Both Bush Mango and Hamburger Beans shell powders based mud produced cake thickness between 1.2 and 1.8 mm. The research demonstrates that Hamburger Beans shell powders provides a progressive decrease in filtration rate as the content increases, and it stand as a cheap and eco-friendly alternative additive for the enhancement of rheological and filtration properties in water-based drilling fluids.

Article Highlights

Hamburger bean shell powders significantly reduce fluid loss compared to powdered bush mango shell making it a cheap eco-friendly additive in water-based drilling mud.

The additives significantly enhance the rheological properties for better transportation of drill cuttings from the downhole.

This study offers a green additive as an alternative to the expensive conventional fluid-retardant additive in drilling mud.

Introduction

Drilling of wellbore for the exploration and production of crude oil remains a fundamental and expensive stage, which contributes significantly to the total cost of drilling an oil well [1, 2]. Drilling fluid is employed during the process of drilling an oil well to enhance drilling’s efficiency and well productivity [3]. Drilling fluid is a blend comprising a base fluid as the continuous phase and different kinds of additives. The plethora of additives in the mud is crucial for maintaining wellbore stability [4], controlling hydrostatic pressure [5], and removing drill cuttings from the downhole [6]. Drilling fluids are classified as water-based, oil-based, and synthetic-based. Water-based drilling fluid is widely used by mud engineers in the drilling industry due to its wide availability, cost effectiveness, and environmental tolerance [7]. During the circulation of drilling mud in a well bore, certain volumes of the fluids are lost into permeable formation in relation to the downhole condition for different wells [8]. Poor fluid loss management in a wellbore can result in formation damage, differential pipe stuck, lost circulation, and equipment damage [9]. These consequences informed the need for effective mitigation strategies and precision in designing the mud composition in relation to the formation’s requirements [10]. Numerous additives, such as viscosifiers, bridging agents, and fluid loss control agents, are added to drilling mud to mitigate against fluid loss in the wellbore, especially in the payzone section. However, some of these additives are harmful to the environment and can pose a health risk, in addition to the high cost associated with their importation, which negatively impacts the overall cost of drilling a wellbore [11, 12].

In recent times, mud engineers have increased the use of locally sourced agro-materials in drilling mud for the purpose of reducing the cost of drilling mud and the ecological imbalance created by the use of conventional chemicals. According to Imtiaz et al. [13], agro-materials prevent fluid loss by forming an inert protective barrier on the wall of the well, which stabilizes the fluid and reinforces the wellbore to prevent penetration of the fluid and interaction with the formation. Oseh et al. [14] submitted that the agro-material is characterized by low negative environmental impact, ease of handling, improved waste disposal, low cost, and biodegradability. A variety of agro-materials in their original and modified forms have been used in mud formulation and tested in the laboratory and on a field scale for their viability in filtration control. These materials showed improved results in terms of filtrate reduction, rheological enhancement, filtrate volume, and thickness. Okorie et al. [15] combined rice husk and saw dust as filtrate loss control agents for water-based mud and reported that ground rice husk is a better fluid loss control additive compared to saw dust. Onu et al. [16] examined the combination of corn cob and coconut shell and reported that the combination of the biomaterials showed more efficiency in lowering the filtrate loss volume compared to the efficiency of the individual materials. Abo et al. [2] submitted that grass is effective in controlling fluid loss in water-based drilling mud. Mobeen et al. [17] found that okra shell powder is a good alternative additive owing to its remarkable fluid loss control. Atul et al. [5] submitted that groundnut husk is a viable filtrate reducer in water-based mud as it does not show any deviation from the base-mud rheology. Asma et al. [18] mentioned that eggshell and calcium carbonate improve the rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling mud. Emmanuel et al. [19] concluded that modified corn starch exhibited better performance in improving the rheological property and reducing the fluid loss tendency of the fluid. Izuwa et al. [20] examined the suitability of some local agromaterials as potential alternatives to conventional sodium asphalt sulphonate in fluid loss control and reported that Colocasia esculenta and Xanthopsia spp. showed good filtration loss control compared to soltex. Okon et al. [21] evaluated rice husk as a fluid loss control additive and reported that it has high resistance to water penetration and thermal stability and could be used in deep wells with an anticipated high temperature. According to Ali et al. [22], pine needle solution reduced fluid loss with the formation of a thin and smooth filter cake suitable for drilling in low-pressure, low-temperature wells. Amadi et al. [23] reported that banana peel powder (BPP), gum Arabic powder (GAP) and potato peel powder (PPP) are viable fluid loss control additives. They further explained that potato peel powder showed excellent filtration characteristics with 78% fluid loss prevention thereby making it more suitable as fluid loss retardant compare to GAP and BPP. Yalman et al. [24] reported that rice husk ash reduced fluid loss in water-based mud with improvement in the rheological properties of the mud.

Bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis) and hamburger bean (Mucuna Slonei) are tropical plants in Nigeria whose seeds are processed and used for the preparation of different delicacies and thickening agents, respectively [25, 26]. The processing of the seeds of bush mango and hamburger beans generates a large amount of waste (shells) and is generally considered to contribute significantly to environmental pollution and ecological imbalance as their shells are usually left to rot or burn to create space for the accumulation of yet more waste heaps [27]. The utilization of bush mango and hamburger bean shell powders as fluid loss retardant additives in drilling mud for oil and gas operations is anticipated to reduce the cost of drilling a wellbore and equally to remedy the environmental hazard with conventional fluid retardant additives. In this study, the performance of powdered shells of bush mango (BMSP) and hamburger bean (HBSP), which are biodegradable and eco-friendly agro-waste, is evaluated. The objective of this work is to optimize the properties of drilling fluid using locally sourced agro-waste as an alternative fluid loss control additive. The viability of the drilling fluid containing BMSP and HBSP in improving the rheology and reducing fluid loss was compared to the base fluid in line with the American Petroleum Institute (API) guidelines for the purpose of reducing the cost of drilling fluid and minimizing the reliance on conventional non-biodegradable chemical additives in drilling mud.

Methodology

Materials

Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), xanthan gum, bentonite, barite, and Soda ash were purchase from Masid Engineering Limited, Nigeria. We purchased hamburger bean and bush mango seeds from the fruit garden mart in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The seeds were identified by the taxonomist at the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Pre-treatment of the shells

Samples were de-hulled with a hammer and screened manually to remove contaminants. The samples (shells) were dried in an oven at 80 °C for 540 s. Thereafter, the samples were pulverized and sieved using a standard mesh size to obtained homogeneous particle size of 80 μm. The powders obtained were kept in a cellophane bag to prevention contamination (Figs. 1, 2).

Fig. 1 [Images not available. See PDF.]

Hamburger bean seed, hamburger bean shell, Hamburger bean powder

Fig. 2 [Images not available. See PDF.]

Bush mango fruits, Bush mango seed, Bush mango shell, bush mango shell powder

Mud preparation and evaluation

The samples were used to formulate water-based mud in-line with the American Petroleum Institute (API 13B-I) recommended procedure. Each sample was formulated using a 350 mL of distil H₂O poured into a plastic container and stir gently with Hamilton Beach mixer while varying concentration of the weighed additives were added in sequence at 540 s interval (Table 1). Thereafter, the samples were kept for 1 day for aging before the API specified filtration test was conducted.

Table 1. Drilling fluid composition

Mud constituents	Content	Agitation period	Basic function
Distil H2O	350 mL		Base fluid
Barite	78 g	540 s	Densifying agent
Bentonite (g)	3 g	540 s	Vicosifying agent
Xanthan gum (g)	2.8 g	540 s	Thickener
Soda ash (g)	3 g	540 s	pH control
Hamburger bean shell	5, 10, 15, 20 g	540 s	Filtration control additives
Bush mango shell	5, 10, 15, 20 g	540 s	Filtration control additives

Determination of rheological properties of the fluid

The rheological properties were determined by pouring the mud samples into a cylindrical steel cup of Faan viscometer (Model 35) until it reached the marked point. The rotor dial readings were noted for different revolutions were used to calculate the fluid's plastic viscosity (PV), apparent viscosity (AV), and yield points (YP). The gel strength for 10 s and 10 min was measured at 3 RPM. The following equation was used to calculate these properties:

1

$$\text{AV}={\mathrm{\theta }}_{600}/2$$

2

$$\text{PV}={\theta }_{600}-{\mathrm{\theta }}_{300}$$

3

$$\text{YP}={\mathrm{\theta }}_{300}\text{-plastic viscosity}$$where θ₆₀₀ = dial reading at 600 rotation per minute (RPM), θ₃₀₀ = dial reading at 300 rotation per minute (RPM).

Determination of fluid loss

The American Petroleum Institute (API) guideline for low pressure low pressure (LPLT) filtration test obtained from API 13B-1was adopted. The test was conducted at room temperature and 100 Psi for 1800s. The mud samples with different additive concentrations were introduced to a cylindrical mud cell fitted with filter paper (Whatman 50) and other filter screens at the base of the cell held on a low-pressure low temperature filter press stand. The filtrate was received in a graduated beaker and was noted as the volume of fluid loss before the mud cell was taken down to obtain the filter paper containing a layer of filter cake. The thickness of the filter cake was obtained from the centre of the cake with a ruler and the results were recorded in millimetre.

pH measurement

pH meter consisting of a glass electrode (probe) and a displayed screen was used. In 100 ml graduated cylinder was added the filtrate from the formulated mud. The glass electrode was inserted and then stirred continuously with the tester until a stable value displaced on the screen. The pH value was obtained as readout on the screen.

Results and discussion

Plastic viscosity

The plastic viscosity of drilling fluid measures the degree of resistance in the flow rate of fluid, which is dependent on the viscosity of the base fluids and their solid contents [28]. The PV of BMSP mud samples decreased in comparison to the reference fluid, as shown in Fig. 3. The mud sample with 5 g BMSP had a PV of 29cP, 10 g BMSP (26cP), 15 g BMSP (19cp) and 20 g (15cp). Similarly, the PV for mud samples with HBSP containing 5 g and 10 g HBSP was lower than the PV of the reference mud, measuring 30cP and 29cP respectively. Also, the PV of mud samples containing 15 g and 20 g HBSP increased, measuring 40cP and 38cP respectively.

Fig. 3 [Images not available. See PDF.]

Plastic viscosity of BMSP and HBSP-based mud

Apparent viscosity

The apparent viscosity (AV) of drilling mud plays a crucial role in suspending drilled cuttings and ensuring effective hole cleaning [29, 30]. The AV in Fig. 4 for BMSP samples ranged from 69.5 to 77.5cP, with the 5 g BMSP mud sample having an AV of 69.5cP and the 20 g BMSP mud sample having an AV of 77.5cP. For HBSP-based mud samples, the AV increased progressively with an increase in HBSP content. The addition of 5 g, 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g of HBSP increased the AV by 14.3%, 14.7%, 35.1%, and 35.8% respectively compared to the reference fluid. These findings indicate that AV increases proportionally with BMSP and HBSP concentrations.

Fig. 4 [Images not available. See PDF.]

Apparent viscosity of BMSP and HBSP-based mud

Yield point

Yield point (YP) measures the ability of drilling mud to carry drill cuttings in suspension while circulating in and out of the wellbore [24]. Figure 5 shows the yield point of drilling mud samples with BM as a fluid loss retardant additive. It was observed that the yield point in the BMSP-based mud sample consistently increased with increasing BMSP content. The YP of the sample with 20 g BMSP increased by 48.8% compared to the YP of the base fluid. The YP results for HBSP mud samples ranged from 90 to 111 kg/m², with the 20 g mud sample having the highest YP of 111 kg/m².

Fig. 5 [Images not available. See PDF.]

Yield point of BMSP and HBSP based mud

Gel strength

Gel strength measures the thixotropic behaviour and the degree of gelation that occurs due to the binding forces between particles within a recorded time interval in order to suspend cuttings in a static condition and flow when sufficient force is applied. The gel strength of the fluid samples containing BMSP and HBSP additives, as demonstrated in Fig. 6, was found to increase steadily with increasing additive content. The 10 s and 10 min gel strengths for the mud sample containing 20 g BM and 20 g HB, respectively, were found to increase significantly from 32 to 42Ib/100 ft².

Fig. 6 [Images not available. See PDF.]

The gel strength of BMSP and HBSP-based mud

Fluid loss

Fluid loss is a measure of the quantity of filtrate that permeates the cavities in a permeable formation due to hydrostatic pressure. A low volume of fluid loss is desired during drilling to forestall the occurrence of formation damage and loss circulation. [15, 31]. The use of bush mango shell powders as a fluid loss control additive in drilling mud samples (Fig. 7) led to a reduction in filtration rate, particularly with 15 g and 20 g of bush mango shell powders. Similarly, the addition of hamburger beans (Fig. 8) also resulted in a consistent reduction in fluid loss volume with increasing additive content. The addition of 5 g, 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g of HBSP led to reductions in fluid loss of 1.47%, 8.82%, 14.71%, and 20.6%, which is consistent with previous studies on Mucuna Slonei seed at room temperature by Duru et al. [32] and analysis on Persea americana as a filtration loss control additive for non-aqueous drilling fluid by Igwilo et al. [9]. The effectiveness of HBSP shell powders as filtrate retardants in drilling mud can be traced to their swelling ability and water absorption capacity when they are added to water.

Fig. 7 [Images not available. See PDF.]

Quantity of filtrate from BMSP-based mud

Fig. 8 [Images not available. See PDF.]

Quantity of filtrate from HBSP-based mud

pH

The pH result obtained from the drilling mud samples with BMSP and HBSP showed a minimal increase in pH value with an increase in the additive content, as presented in Fig. 9. Drilling fluid performs optimally in the pH range of 9.5–12.5 for water-based mud [6]. It was noted from the result in Fig. 9 that the pH of HBSP and BMSP-based mud increased proportionally with the additive content, suggesting that these additives contain more carbonate and bicarbonate compounds or strong base elements that enable the additives to exhibit good alkaline properties in the fluid.

Fig. 9 [Images not available. See PDF.]

pH of mud’s filtrate from BMSP and HBSP-based mud

Cake thickness

Mud cake thickness is one of the parameters in drilling fluid that is desired to be thin, smooth, flexible, and impermeable to forestall lost circulation, differential pipe stuck and formation damage [21]. Figure 10 shows the mud cake thickness results of the drilling fluid samples containing BMSP and HBSP. It was observed that the mud cake from BMSP and HBSP-based fluids was thin, flexible, smooth, and impermeable. The cake thickness of the drilling fluid sample with all concentrations of BMSP and HBSP ranged between 1.2 and 1.8 mm, similar to the cake thickness of the rice hush ash additive in water-based mud reported by Yalman et al. [24].

Fig. 10 [Images not available. See PDF.]

Filter cake thickness of BMSP and HBSP-based mud

Conclusions

Hamburger bean and bush mango shell powders were used as low-cost and eco-friendly additives in different concentrations in formulating drilling mud. The results showed that the presence of BMSP and HBSP in the fluid improved the rheological properties such as plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, gel strength, and yield point. The filtration property of the fluid showed that HBSP reduced fluid loss progressively with an increase in HBSP concentration, and it is a better fluid loss control additive compared to BMSP. This finding demonstrates that powdered hamburger bean shell can be used as an environmentally friendly and low-cost alternative additive for the improvement of rheological and filtration properties in water-based drilling fluids.

Author contributions

KJN, MCO, GOO and GUO designed the research methodology. KJN wrote the main manuscript. All authours review the manuscript.

Funding

No funding was received from any donor or government agency.

Data availability

The authors declare that the data supporting the findings from this study is available within the paper. If a different format of the raw data is needed, the corresponding author can provide it upon request.

Declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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