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Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare and devastating movement disorder with a fast progressive and fatal disease course. Patients present a heterogeneous combination of clinical symptoms including parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia and autonomic failure. The accumulation of alpha - synuclein (aSyn) within oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) is an important neuropathological hallmark of the disease and has been associated with demyelination and widespread neurodegeneration. Myelin is formed by specialized membranes of oligodendrocytes and represents an abundant and crucial structure of the central nervous system. Continuous physiological myelin turnover, adaptive myelination and remyelination are critical for neuronal survival and brain plasticity. Disturbances in the myelin homeostasis result in signal transmission delay, breakdown of metabolic support and ultimately the degeneration of axons and neurons. Although the precise cascade of pathogenic events remains elusive, oligodendrocytes are considered as the primary affected cell type in MSA. Rodent in vitrostudies indicated aSyn as an inhibitor of oligodendroglial maturation and myelination, however, little is known about its impact on human oligodendroglia. A severe myelin deficit is present in MSA brain tissue without a concurrent loss of oligodendrocytes leading to the hypothesis that intracellular accumulation of aSyn interferes with the myelinating capacity of oligodendrocytes.
A human cellular model for MSA was established to address this hypothesis. Human induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from healthy donors and oligodendroglial lineage specification induced by the ectopic expression of the oligodendroglial transcription factors OLIG2, SOX10, and NKX6.2. Oligodendroglial identity and terminal maturation was confirmed by a thorough phenotypical characterization based on transcriptional, morphological and metabolome analyses. Notably, a profound upregulation of the lipid metabolism during in vitro differentiation of human oligodendrocytes was identified by applying liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Ultimately, oligodendrocytes ensheathed inert nanofibers in vitro supporting a myelinating potential of these cells. The origin of aSyn in GCIs is controversially debated. Human oligodendrocytes expressed aSyn and incorporated recombinant aSyn from the supernatant, which corroborates both, an endogenous and exogenous origin of aSyn.
Lentiviral particles were used to increase intracellular levels of aSyn. Accumulating aSyn was distributed across the cell with an enrichment in the perinuclear cytoplasm, yet without forming GCI - like inclusions. The differentiation into oligodendroglial lineage cells was not affected by aSyn and myelin gene expression was largely preserved except for a decline in transcripts of the mature myelin basic protein. Nevertheless, aSyn accumulation led to a myelin deficit in vitro. Oligodendrocytes extended less primary processes to ensheath nanofibers while the length of individual myelin - like segments was unaltered or even increased. A significant number of aSyn expressing oligodendrocytes presented an immature morphology despite immunoreactivity for the mature myelin basic protein. Morphological changes were accompanied by an increase in actin filaments and cell body enlargement. Actin remodeling is a critical event during oligodendroglial differentiation and myelination. Membrane protrusion and process outgrowth require the local assembly of actin bundles, however widespread polymerization acts as physical barrier and increases membrane tension. No effects of aSyn on cell body stiffness were identified, but a profound reduction in Ermin expression. Considering the role of Ermin in cytoskeletal remodeling and myelin maintenance, the transcriptional repression of Ermin provides a potential link between altered actin dynamics, reduced process outgrowth and myelin deficits.





