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Abstract
Background & Objectives: The expansion of hypervirulent strains along with an increased antibiotic resistance has led to a sharp rise in the incidence, morbidity and mortality of Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infections (CDI) worldwide over the past20 years. In contrast to conventional antibiotic therapies, which pose a higher risk of new infections and CDI recurrences due to changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota, vaccinations promise treatment for CDIwithout disrupting the microbiome.
Since toxoid vaccines in clinical trials only neutralize the disease-mediating, inducibletoxins of C. difficile without restricting its colonization in the intestine, we have identified stably expressed polysaccharide structures, PS-I, -II and -III, in the cell wall of C. difficile as potential vaccine candidate antigens whose neutralization could also prevent colonization and thus contain the spread of the pathogen.
Design & Methods: Sera and stool samples of CDI patients and controls were tested for antibodies using PS-specific ELISAs. PS I - III were conjugated with the carrier protein CRM197 and vaccination schemes for all three conjugate vaccines were developed. In addition, adoptive transfer studies with sera from immunized mice were performed and monoclonal antibodies (MAB) against PS antigens were applied. The efficacy of the vaccines was assessed by histopathological examination of the colon and by the detection of C. difficile in stool using conventional bacterial plating assays and qPCR. The influence of the vaccines on the microbiome was determined by 16S rRNAsequencing.
Observations & Results: In sera and stool samples of CDI patients antibodies against PS I-III could be detected. The titers of systemic and mucosal anti-PS antibodies correlated in part inversely with the severity of CDI. After establishing a murine C. difficile infection model, PS conjugates did not only attenuate CDI-mediated colitis, but also inhibited colonization and prevented the spread of the pathogen without changing the composition of the microbiome. Comparably to PS conjugates, adoptive serum transfer and MAB 2c5 anti-PS antibodies did not only substantially protect against colitis, but also significantly limited intestinal colonization with C. difficile, unlike the toxoid vaccine.
Conclusions: PS-based conjugate vaccines are a promising alternative to toxoid vaccines. Clinical trials are required to establish an effective protection against CDIand to prove the limitation of bacterial carriers observed in preclinical models.





