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Abstract
Innovative substitutions for Fresnel lenses concentrators by Elliptical shaped Fresnel lens (ESFL) and parabolic concentrators by ring array concentrator (RAC) models are presented, as well as, advances of solar-pumped lasers of Ce:Nd:YAG operation during a clean and clouded weather.
The design of the ESFL and RAC were modelled into Zemax® non-sequential ray-tracing soft-ware from well-defined mathematical equations. Most of the key parameters were analysed and the resulting outputs were compared and documented in publications.
The design parameters for solar-pumped lasers were optimized using Zemax®, and then the LAS-CAD™ laser cavity system software was used to further optimize the laser resonator parameters. A solar laser prototype was built with an active medium of Ce:Nd:YAG and tested using a heliostat-parabolic mirror system at both NOVA University of Lisbon and Procédés, Matériaux et Énergie Solaire - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (PROMES-CNRS) in Odeillo-Font Romeu, France.
The ESFL offers a 4.58 W/mm2 increase in solar flux concentration compared to a Fresnel lens, which only achieves 2.66 W/mm 2 at the same size and focal distance. A 3.14 m 2 RAC with a focal length of 300 mm can capture over 18 W/m 2.
The first recorded Ce:Nd:YAG solar laser operating with a small collection area of 0.293 m 2 at the NOVA facility, produced a multimode output power of 11.2 W, resulting in a solar-to-laser power conversion efficiency of 3.37%, with a minimum threshold pump power of 66 W. The MSSF parabolic mirror from PROMES-CNRS achieved a lower threshold pump power of 32.4 W using a smaller collection area of 0.075 m 2, and during cloudy weather, a threshold pump power was further reduced to 29.2 W. Furthermore, cloud interference improved the solar-to-laser conversion efficiency to 6.32%, nearly tripling the 2.32% efficiency on a clear sky, while the solar laser conversion efficiency of 21.47 W/m 2 was nearly twice the value of 12.62 W/m 2on a clear sky
The research efforts performed during this work are explained. Experimental results are dis-cussed, and future suggestions are proposed.





