Abstract
The removal of phenolic compounds from the water was of great importance due to their high toxicity. In this study, the separation of phenol from an aqueous environment by pervaporation technique using (PVA) polyvinyl alcohol, (CA) cellulose acetate, and (PVDF) polyvinylidene fluoride membranes was tested. The effect of feed concentration up to 9000 ppm, operating temperature from 25 to 65 °C, and flow rate ranging from 2 to 6 L h−1 on the separation performance was investigated. It was found that the CA membrane possessed a higher water flux of 348.25 kg m−2 h−1 and a separation factor of 49 compared to PVDF, and PVA/SA membranes at 65 °C and a flow rate of 6 L h−1. The properties and morphology of membranes were observed using mechanical properties, contact angle, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that CA has a lower contact angle of 48.3° indicating the hydrophilicity nature of the membrane, which enhances the separation process and explains the increases of water flux. Moreover, the mechanical properties test indicated that the mechanical strength of CA has a maximum tensile strength of 65.5 MPa and an % elongation of 48% compared to PVDF and PVA/SA which indicates lower roughness, manifesting its improved anti-fouling properties.
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1 Egypt Japan University of Science and Technology (EJUST), Department of Chemical & Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria, Borg Al Arab Al Gadida, Egypt (GRID:grid.440864.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 5373 6441); Benha University, Department of Basic Engineering Sciences, Benha Faculty of Engineering, Banha, Egypt (GRID:grid.411660.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0621 2741)
2 Alexandria University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria, Egypt (GRID:grid.7155.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2260 6941); Menoufia Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology (MNF-HIET), Department of Chemical Engineering, Menoufia, Egypt (GRID:grid.442744.5)
3 Alexandria University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria, Egypt (GRID:grid.7155.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2260 6941)
4 National Research Centre (NRC), Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering & Renewable Energy Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt (GRID:grid.419725.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 8157)
5 Menoufia Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology (MNF-HIET), Department of Chemical Engineering, Menoufia, Egypt (GRID:grid.442744.5); Higher Technological Institute (HTI), Department of Chemical Engineering, 10th Ramadan, Egypt (GRID:grid.462266.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 0377 3877)