Konservasi Biodiversiti Menurut Etika-Perundangan Islam: Kajian Terhadap Kawasan Perlindungan di Malaysia

Abstract

Kajian kualitatif ini menganalisis isu-isu konservasi biodiversiti dari perspektif etikaperundangan Islam. Status quo kepupusan biodiversiti di dunia terutama di negaranegara Islam sangat membimbangkan. Sedangkan Islam telah menggariskan nilai-nilai etika dan prinsip-prinsip perundangan serta sistem kawasan perlindungan tradisional (al-hima) tetapi belum diterjemahkan dalam bentuk yang praktikal dan fleksibel dengan polisi dan amalan kontemporari. Sejajar dengan kecenderungan global yang mempromosikan kawasan perlindungan berasaskan pendekatan agama, kajian ini akan mengkaji pendekatan perundangan Islam dan membandingkannya dengan perundangan semasa. Kajian kes kolektif telah dijalankan di: 1) Jabatan PERHILITAN Semenanjung Malaysia; 2) Tabung Alam Sedunia (WWF-Malaysia) dan; 3) Pusat Kajian Sains dan Alam Sekitar di Institut Kefahaman Islam Malaysia (IKIM). Kajian ini mendapati bahawa etika-perundangan Islam berpotensi untuk diintegrasikan menerusi aspek kemampanan/sustainability (istidamah), berjaga-jaga/precautionary (ihtiyat), perkongsian faedah/benefit sharing (ishtirak) dan halal-haram dalam pemburuan (istiyad). Kawasan Perlindungan di Semenanjung Malaysia didapati selaras dengan al-hima terutama dari aspek pemilikan awam tetapi penguatkuasaannya masih lemah disebabkan undang-undangnya yang bersegmen dan pertindihan bidang kuasa antara kerajaan pusat dan negeri. Usaha mengetengahkan pendekatan Islam dalam aktiviti konservasi masih baru dan asing di Malaysia. Terdapat inisiatif yang menerapkan nilai etika tetapi tidak ke tahap mengaplikasikan prinsip perundangan Islam. Kajian ini menghujahkan bahawa semakin banyak undangundang, semakin banyak masalah etika seperti korupsi dan manipulasi undangundang. Hal ini menjustifikasikan keperluan pendekatan agama namun masih kurang diberi perhatian oleh pihak-pihak berkepentingan/pemegang taruh.

Alternate abstract:

This qualitative study analyzes the issues regarding biodiversity conservation from the Islamic ethico-legal perspective. The status quo of biodiversity extinction in the world specifically in Islamic countries is a cause for concern. This is despite the fact that Islam has outlined the ethical values, legal principles as well as the traditional protected areas system (known asal-hima), which has not yet been translated into a practical and flexible manner within contemporary policy and practice. In line with the global trend that promotes the religious-based conservation approach, this study revisits the Islamic law approach and compares it with current legislation especially in Malaysia. A multiple case study was conducted at; 1) the Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia; 2) the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWFMalaysia) and; 3) the Centre of Science and Environmental Studies Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia (IKIM). This study found that the Islamic ethico-legal principles have the potential to be integrated in the existing laws in the context of principle of sustainability (istidamah), precautionary (ihtiyat), benefit sharing (ishtirak) and halal-haram aspects in hunting (istiyad). PAs in Peninsular Malaysia are actually comparable and in compliance with the himaconcept particularly from the aspect of public ownership but enforcement remains problematic due to segmented laws and overlapping jurisdiction between federal and state governments. Efforts to promote the Islamic approach in conservation activities are still considered as novel or even peculiar in Malaysia. However, there are initiatives that focus on the ethical aspect but this effort not yet reached the level of application of Islamic law. This study however argues that as more laws are enacted, problems such as corruption and manipulation of regulation keep increasing as well. This justifies the need for religious basedconservation approach, which is not given enough attention by the stakeholders.