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Abstract
Biomass-based energy production from crop residues is a proposed solution to Pakistan’s persistent energy crisis. However, current estimates of residue energy potential vary widely due to differences in scales and assumptions. Furthermore, despite significant interdependencies between residue-based energy and agriculture and water systems, quantitative analyses of the implications of the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus on residue energy potential are unexamined in the literature. A failure to consider the impacts of scale, assumptions and factors related to the WEF nexus, such as competitive uses, water availability and management, climate change, soil quality and farming practices, can lead to overestimations in residue energy potential, hindering implementation. This is important in Pakistan, as successfully implementing energy projects is vital to ameliorating the current energy crisis and supporting sustainable development.
This research applies two methodologies to address these overlooked aspects of crop residue energy potential estimation. Method one calculates residue energy potential for the province of Punjab under different data aggregation scales (district, administrative division, and province) and assumptions of residue availability and feedstock collection radius. Alternatively, method two applies a case study in an agricultural region of the Rechna Doab, Punjab, through the novel application of a coupled human-water model (the P-GBSDM) to examine the implications of the WEF nexus on crop residue-based. The P-GBSDM, which captures the spatially explicit socioeconomic and environmental feedbacks related to agricultural productivity and hydrological parameters in the study area, was modified to include crop residue energy and associated income and costs feedbacks. The impacts of the WEF nexus on the viability of residue-based energy were explored by simulating different stakeholder-suggested water and soil salinity management strategies, competitive residue uses, and climate change scenarios. The method one results demonstrate the importance of using high resolution (e.g., district level) crop yield and competitive residue use data when estimating bioenergy potential as low-resolution data can cause overestimations when competitive uses are not considered and underestimations when they are considered. Alternatively, the results of method two highlight the value of integrated analysis of the WEF nexus, suggesting that farm-level synergies exist between residue energy income and the implementation of water management practices, though trade-offs can exist in the presence of temporal delays. Both methods stress the importance of sub-national and local level analysis for strategic residue energy planning.





