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Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ―ecstasy‖) is a well-known psychoactive drug, with acknowledged neurotoxic properties. It is commonly used in recreational settings by many teenagers and young adults. Despite the great deal of study on MDMA neurotoxicity, the consequences of MDMA exposure during the adolescent period require additional research. Moreover, MDMA effects on the cerebellum and peripheral organs have been scarcely studied. The susceptibility of different aged groups is also poorly known.
This dissertation aimed to assess the acute toxicity of a MDMA binge dose regimen comparable to human usage in four different brain areas (cerebellum, hippocampus, cortex and striatum), and in three peripheral organs (liver, heart and kidneys) in an adolescent rat, 24 h after MDMA binge administration. Another aim was to evaluate the long-term neurotoxicity of the binge MDMA dose regimen in the cerebellum, by assessing its energetic and oxidative stress status in adolescent and old rats, seven days after MDMA administration.
To achieve the aims of the present dissertation, two experiments were conducted. In experiment one, adolescent male Wistar rats (postnatal day 40) were divided in two groups and treated: control saline (three doses of NaCl 0.9%, intraperitoneally, every 2 h, n=7) and MDMA-treated (three doses of MDMA 5 mg/Kg, intraperitoneally, every 2 h, n=7). The temperature of each animal was monitored for 7 h after the first injection. Twenty-four hours after the MDMA administration, brain areas were dissected and the peripheral organs were collected. A significant hyperthermia in the adolescent rats was observed after MDMA exposure. No differences were found between controls and MDMAtreated groups in body weight gain, as well as in food or water consumption, within the experimental period. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content was significantly decreased in the cortex of MDMA-treated rats, but not in the other areas. In all brain areas, no alterations were found in glutathione, quinoproteins and protein carbonylation levels in MDMA-treated animals. In liver, heart and kidneys no differences were found in glutathione, protein carbonylation or ATP levels, after MDMA exposure. However, the formation of protein-bound quinones was significantly increased in the liver of MDMAtreated rats, but not in the other two peripheral organs. The histological hepatic examination of adolescent MDMA-treated rats revealed a marked cellular vacuolization in the periportal regions, and sinusoidal dilatation with periportal and centrilobular vascular congestion. In the heart, MDMA promoted punctual signs of cardomyocyte oedema, particularly in the sub-endocardic region. In the kidneys of MDMA-treated adolescent rats, scattered interstitial oedema, with dilatation between the nefrotic tubular structures, and signs of vascular congestion were found. The lack of severe cellular damage and/or necrosis in MDMA-treated rats is corroborated by the lack of increase of caspase-3, -8 and -9 activities or changes in the plasma biomarkers of liver or heart injury.
Experiment two was conducted with adolescent (postnatal day 40) and aged (18 to 22 months old) male Wistar rats. Animals were divided in two groups: control saline (n=5) and MDMA group (n=5) that were treated as described for experiment one. Seven days later, animals were sacrificed and the cerebellum was collected. Aged animals did not receive the third dose of MDMA given the high risk of mortality, due to the hyperthermic response verified after the second MDMA administration.





