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Abstract
The African continent is renowned for a remarkable diversity of bovid taxa, the end product of an explosive taxonomic radiation that was sparked by environmental changes during the Miocene. Having adapted to the vast array of ecological niches present in Africa, extant members of this highly speciose family come in many forms and sizes, but arguably none is as rare, revered and poorly known as the giant sable antelope (Hippotragus niger variani), which occupies the centre stage of this dissertation. Described as late as in the early twentieth century, the giant sable has never been found outside a small region confined to the Kwanza River basin in central Angola, and in spite of carrying a high cultural and iconic value, it is also one of the most endangered mammals in the world. Because of its rarity, historical background and the recent political turmoil that affected the country, few studies have focused on this taxon and conservation has been neglected, these constituting critical shortfalls that the current thesis aims to address. On a wider level, the sable antelope could be seen as a model species for biogeographical studies in Africa because it is one of the most highly specialized antelopes, closely associated with particular habitats, and yet widely distributed across the continent. In addition, the economic interest on sable has boomed in recent years, becoming one of the most prized high value species for the fast-growing multi-million dollar game farming industry in Southern Africa. Despite its importance and the increasing attention received by researchers over the years, we have identified various gaps on the species knowledge. Recent studies have relied on mitochondrial DNA fragments and limited datasets to infer phylogeographic patterns and intraspecific taxonomy, yet the results may not have improved much on previous data published by zoologists before the advent of DNA and based on morphological analyses. By adopting new tools and expanding the sampling effort, we expect this dissertation will much improve current knowledge on the species.
Within this framework we started by targeting the conservation crisis facing the giant sable antelope in Angola. The use of new molecular tools, namely autosomal markers not yet available for Hippotragus was considered crucial, and by developing a panel of 57 species-specific microsatellites, also successfully tested on congeneric roan antelope H. equinus, we were able to address specific questions affecting the giant sable, and provide for the first time estimates of genetic diversity further interpreted within the context of other populations. These initial efforts evidenced the giant sable as being seriously depleted of genetic diversity when compared to other sable populations. In addition, analyses of allele frequency spectrums and allele sharing between populations, proved to be consistent with an evolutionary history of giant sable characterized by population bottlenecks and long-standing isolation.
A more decisive application for these nuclear markers consisted in providing support to specific conservation initiatives already unfolding on the ground. Here we report on how the sustained use of extensive field research methods based on field, aerial and trapcamera surveys, combined with modern molecular tools, has uncovered and allowed the documentation in unprecedented detail, of a remarkable case of interspecific introgressive hybridization between giant sable and roan antelope in Cangandala National Park.





