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Abstract
The increased consumer awareness of the importance of a healthy lifestyle to prevent diseases and maintain the well-being led to the advance of the functional foods and beverages market, that exhibits an expected revenue of €252.079 million worldwide by 2025. Functional food is described as food consumed as part of the daily diet but has demonstrated physiological benefits beyond basic nutrition. Health and well-being improvement via gut microbiota modulation is an attractive approach to shift composition and metabolic signatures of the microbiota, namely through the ingestion of prebiotics. Prebiotics include non-digestible carbohydrates and non-carbohydrates with proven ability to modulate microbial populations, such as the gut microbiota. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are very well-studied prebiotic oligosaccharides with proven health benefits in humans. These compounds can be added to foods and beverages due to their nutritional value and technological properties, being used for instance to improve the mouthfeel, to replace sugar and fat content and to increase the fibre content. In this work, the prebiotic potential of commercial FOS and GOS, individually and in mixtures (GF), was studied using an in vitro model of static batch culture fermentations with human faecal inoculum (48h at 37oC). The production of lactate and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), ammonia and gases was evaluated, as well as the pH variation. The fermentation of GOS led to the highest production of SCFAs, namely acetate and propionate, 125.10±19.62 mM and 18.09±5.08 mM, respectively. PH values and ammonia concentrations decreased with the supplementation of prebiotics, with the mixture GF 3:1 yielding the major ammonia reduction, namely 9- fold. Overall, the production of CO2 increased with the addition of all prebiotics, while the CH4 production decreased with GOS supplementation. In addition, a healthier traditional Portuguese rice cake containing GOS and GF 3:1, and a 25% sugar reduction, was herein developed. The sensory test results revealed no significant differences in appearance, aroma, taste, texture and overall impression between the original recipe and the 3 modified recipes tested. However, based on market acceptability, recipes 4 (25% sugar reduction) and 5 (25% sugar reduction and 1% GOS addition) were selected as the most accepted ones.





