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Abstract
Understanding how ecology and evolution interact resulting in the accumulation of biodiversity is an emerging frontier of integrative research. The accumulation of biodiversity has two controls: origination and persistence of species. The main focus of the literature on the origin of species is the processes that gives rise to new lineages, and relatively less focus is given to lineage persistence. Still, the initial process of population splitting required for species origination may fail to produce new diversity if the newly formed lineages do not persist or go extinct. Instances of ecological and phenotypic diversification within a rapidly multiplying lineage, known as adaptive radiations, represent ideal systems to study both origination and persistence controls on the accumulation of biodiversity. The African Great Lakes harbor unparalleled examples of adaptive radiation. Amongst these, Lake Tanganyika is home to more than 200 endemic cichlid fish species resulting in complex, cichlid-dominated littoral food webs. Here, I present four studies combining population genomic technologies, biodiversity surveys, behavioral assays, and natural history observations of Lake Tanganyikan cichlid fishes. The goal of this integrative work is to provide a unique glimpse into origination and persistence processes driving the exceptional biodiversity accumulation observed within an adaptive radiation. In Chapter One, I examined predictors of population genomic differentiation and its implications for lineage diversification. In Chapter Two and Chapter Three I scrutinize ecological and behavioral drivers of community diversity persistence. Finally, in Chapter Four, I revisit conceptual frameworks on foraging trade-offs mediating the evolution of specialized feeding strategies.