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Abstract
Many river sediments have become polluted with various estrogenic compounds, which can cause toxicological effects on aquatic organisms, like the feminization of male fishes. On of these estrogenic compounds is nonylphenol (NP). Nonylphenol exists of a phenol group with a linear or a branched chain of nine carbon atoms, and mixtures of the branched isomers are mainly present as a pollutant in the environment. Sediments polluted with NP may act as a secondary source of NP for the river water due to desorption, where it can cause toxicological effects on aquatic organisms. The toxicological risk of NP in the sediment depends on the availability in the sediment, the mass transfer from the sediment to the river water and the biodegradation potential of NP. The aim of this thesis is to obtain insight into the availability, the mass transfer and the biodegradation potentials of NP in polluted river sediment.
An analysis method was developed to measure NP concentrations in samples with liquid and liquid and sediment (Chapter 2). Anaerobic and aerobic degradation experiments were performed with aged NP polluted sediment and the involved microorganisms were identified (Chapters 3 and 4, respectively). Furthermore, aerobic degradation of NP was combined with the availability and the estrogenic activity under optimized conditions for biodegradation (Chapter 5). In addition, a continuous flow-through experiment was performed under settled sediment and resuspended sediment conditions to mimic varying hydrodynamic conditions in a river system at lab scale (Chapter 6).
The developed method to analyse NP in samples with liquid and liquid and sediment was based on solid phase micro extraction with extraction from the headspace (Chapter 2). Sediment particles in the samples influenced the measured NP concentration. Dilution of the slurry samples below 1.8 g sediment.l -1 reduced this effect.
Under nitrate reducing conditions, linear NP could be degraded (Chapter 3). The involved microorganisms were related to alkane degrading species, which might indicate that degradation of linear NP under nitrate reducing conditions starts at the carbon chain. The branched isomers were persistent under nitrate reducing, sulphate reducing, and methanogenic conditions. Under aerobic conditions all isomers could be biodegraded (Chapter 4). During this aerobic biodegradation a nitro-NP isomer was formed and the involved microorganisms showed to be different from aerobic NP degrading microorganisms that are described in literature so far. This indicates that aerobic NP degradation can be performed by a wide range of microbial species.
The NP in the sediment was found to be almost completely available (~ 95%) and could desorb rapidly from the sediment under optimal mixed conditions (Chapter 5). Due to the aerobic biodegradation, the available NP fraction was completely biodegraded, which resulted in an equal reduction of the estrogenic activity. Besides NP, the sediment contained other estrogenic compounds, which showed an equal pattern in availability and biodegradation as NP. Therefore, NP might function as a model compound to predict the estrogenic activity of sediments.





