Content area
Abstract
Background: Chronic wounds suffer from low blood supply to the wound bed, a condition usually marked by low vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) levels and subsequently less angiogenesis. While originally designed to repair mineralized tissues, bioactive glasses have recently gained much interest as a treatment to accelerate the healing in chronic wounds. The main argument supporting their use is based on their ionic stimuli by enhancing particular processes, such as angiogenesis, and aiding in the healing stages of inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. However, the majority of in-vitro cell culture research remains based on twodimensional and ionic release-only models, with little research done on three-dimensional direct contact models; especially with regard to wound healing, bioactive glass and the potential of ectopic mineralization. Methods: In this work, a three-dimensional model was developed to study the function of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts when in direct contact with a classical bioactive glass; 45S5 Bioglass®, when amorphous, post pre-conditioning in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 3 and 14 days to induce different extents of mineralization and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp). Cells were cultured in dense collagen gels of approximately 13.4 wt%, either alone or when incorporated with amorphous 45S5 Bioglass®, 3- and 14-day conditioned 45S5 Bioglass® or HAp particles for up to 23 days, in-vitro. The proliferation, metabolic activity, viability, matrix mineralization and the expression of genes implicated in would healing, namely Vegf, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor beta (Tgfb1), and collagen (Col1a1), were investigated along with bone sialoprotein (Ibsp) as an indicator of cell-mediated matrix mineralization. Results: The 45S5 Bioglass® particle specific surface area increased 900-fold after 14 days of conditioning in SBF. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and attenuated total reflectance- Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses confirmed the partial mineralization of the amorphous 45S5 Bioglass ® through the formation of a surface hydroxycarbonate apatite layer. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry analysis indicated amorphous 45S5 Bioglass® had the highest release level of alkaline species in deionized water. Its incorporation into fibroblast-seeded dense collagen gels led a decrease in initial cell proliferation, metabolic activity, and viability. Cells in direct contact with partially mineralized 45S5 Bioglass® and HAp had comparable metabolic activities and proliferation. Vegf expression levels were highest at day 2 for cells in contact with amorphous and 3-day mineralized 45S5. By day 23, Vegf expression significantly decreased in cells when in contact with amorphous 45S5, whereas those in the presence of 14-day mineralized 45S5 displayed the highest expression. HAp conditioning experienced the highest α-SMA expression at day 2 in culture. Col1a1 expression levels significantly decreased for both 3-day mineralized glass and HAp. No significant differences were observed for Tgfb1 under all conditions. By day 23 in culture, 45S5 Bioglass® incorporated dense collagen also underwent greater mineral deposition with its seeded NIH/3T3 cells experiencing highest induction in Ibsp expression. This mineralization effect and Ibsp expression decreased with an increase in pre-conditioning time of 45S5 Bioglass® in SBF. Furthermore, upon prolonged culturing (up to 23 days), cells seeded in the dense collagen gels showed an upregulation of specific osteogenic markers; alkaline phosphatase (Alpl), Sp7 (encodes osteogenic transcription factor OSX), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) along with the formation of osteoid-like structures as examined under SEM, and verified by von-Kossa-van Gieson staining. This illustrates the ability of NIH/3T3 cell lines to subscribe to an osteogenic pathway upon prolonged culturing in dense collagen gels and in the absence of osteogenic media. Conclusions: The direct contact of 45S5 Bioglass® with fibroblasts in dense collagen gels appeared to reduce their initial proliferation, metabolic activity and delay their transition from an initially rounded to spindle shape morphology. Amorphous 45S5 Bioglass® also induced Vegf initially, while in longer term, a significant degree of matrix mineralization through particle deposition and upregulation of bone markers. This mineralization potential seems to decrease with increase in pre-conditioning in SBF. These findings indicate the potential of ectopic mineralization as a result of 45S5 Bioglass® incorporation. Furthermore, the induction of osteogenic differentiation of NIH/3T3 in a dense collagen environment, suggests for their ability to subscribe to the osteogenic pathway.





