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Abstract
The plant trait of cytoplasmically-inherited male sterility (CMS) and its suppression by nuclear restorer-of-fertility (Rf) genes can be viewed as a genetic arms-race between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. The male sterilizing factors consist of unusual genes or open reading frames (ORFs) that usually contain a portion of functional mitochondrial genes derived sequences and sequences of unknown origin. These unusual ORFs are maternally inherited, transcribed and often effectively translated into novel proteins that are associated with the inability of the plant to produce functional pollen. Most nuclear Rf genes have been shown to encode P-type pentatricopeptide repeat proteins (PPRs). Phylogenetic analysis of P-class PPRs from sequenced plants genomes has shown that Rf-proteins cluster in a distinct clade of P-class PPRs, RFL-PPRs that display hallmarks of positive evolutionary selection.
In the canola, (oilseed rape) species Brassica napus, previous work has indicated the nuclear restorer genes for the two native forms of CMS, Rfn (for nap CMS) and Rfp (pol CMS) represent alternate haplotypes, or alleles, of a single nuclear locus. The capacity of the Rfn haplotype to mediate the processing of multiple transcripts is of interest as it is unique among other known restorer alleles. I explored the different processing events that each Rfn transcript target undergoes by mapping their 3’ and 5’ termini in plants containing and lacking Rfn. CR-RT-PCR was used to distinguish 5’ and 3’ ends produced by post-transcriptional processing events, in particular Rfn specific processing events, in the key transcripts of interest orf222/nad5c/orf139, atp8 and nad4. This procedure consists of covalently ligating the 5’ and 3’ ends of total or mtRNAs using an RNA ligase. The reaction leads to the formation of circular RNA, which serves as template for RT-PCR. Sequence analysis between Arabidopsis thaliana, B. napus as well as between the different termini mapped, were used in order to explore probable conserved processing events and Rfn specific recognition sequences.
Fine genetic mapping indicates that Rfn localizes to the same genomic region as Rfp as shown in previous studies. We find this region is enriched in RFL genes, four of which, based on their position and expression, represent potential candidates for Rfn; one of these genes, designated PPR4, is a preferred candidate in that it is not expressed in the nap CMS line. Comparison of the corresponding regions of the genomes of B. rapa, B. oleracea, Arabidopsis thaliana and A. lyrata provides insight into the expansion of this group of RFL genes in different lines of evolutionary descent. Unlike other nuclear restorer loci containing multiple RFL genes, the RFL genes in the Rf region of B. napus are not present in tandem arrays but rather are dispersed in genomic location. The genes do not share similar flanking non-coding regions and do not contain introns, indicating that they have duplicated primarily through a retrotransposition-mediated process. In contrast, segmental duplication has been responsible for the distribution of the 10 sequences I annotated as RFL genes in the corresponding region of the A. lyrata genome. My observations define the Brassica Rf locus and indicate that different mechanisms may be responsible for the proliferation of RFL genes even among closely related genomes.
In the last chapter of this thesis, I describe the different efforts made towards the identification of the restorer of fertility of nap CMS and exploration of its biochemical proprieties in order to determine the mechanism of fertility restoration.





