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Abstract
Adenocarcinoma of the proximal stomach is the fastest rising malignancy in North America. It is commonly associated with malignant ascites (MA), defined as the pathological accumulation of fluid containing cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity. Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is the most common site of gastric cancer (GC) progression after curative intent surgery and is the leading cause of death. Once peritoneal dissemination occurs, the malignant process is considered as non-curative seeing as it is rarely amenable to surgical resection and chemotherapeutic regimens are simply palliative. We hypothesize that MA increases the potential of GC cells to exacerbate PM. A panel of gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines (human: MKN 45, SNU-5; murine NCC-S1M) were incubated with MA and their metastatic ability assessed with static in vitro adhesion assays, as well as migration assays. A novel ex vivo PM model was used to further corroborate the in vitro results, where the adhesion of cancer cells to stripped human peritoneum was assessed by co-incubation with non- and pre-stimulated cancer cells. We demonstrated that incubation of human GC cells and/or human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) with MA resulted in a significant 1.7 to 5-fold increase of GC cell adhesion to HPMC compared to non-stimulated condition (p < 0.05), as measured by inverted fluorescent microscopy. MA was also shown to significantly enhance ex vivo SNU-5 cell adhesion to stripped human peritoneum (p < 0.05) when compared to non-stimulated condition. Furthermore, several factors (ANG-2, HGF, ICAM-1, IL-8, TIMP-2, uPAR, VEGF, NAP-2, MIF) were shown to be upregulated in MA samples when compared to a non-malignant cirrhotic ascites control, using a custom multiplex ELISA. The results of the present study demonstrated that MA plays a significant role in facilitating GC cell adhesion to peritoneal mesothelium, an important early step in the peritoneal metastatic cascade. MA must therefore provide an environment that supports tumour cell survival and spread. A more comprehensive understanding of the network of molecules is essential to determine the role of MA in GC progression. This will offer potential therapeutic targets for this manifestation of gastric adenocarcinoma.





