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Purpose: To present principles for accurately representing research for evidence-based practice and health care policies, and to evaluate how original research results indicated adherence to those principles in literature reviews of therapeutic touch.
Organizing constructs: Critical thinking and scientific integrity.
Sources: Reviews of therapeutic touch literature published in nursing journals between 1994 and 1998 and the research studies cited in those reviews.
Methods: Statements made in reviews about the efficacy of therapeutic touch were compared with the results and conclusions of the research cited. General conclusions reported in reviews were evaluated against a broad range of therapeutic touch (TT) research studies, including many not cited in reviews. How accurately reviewers represented the research studies was evaluated by comparing reviewers' conclusions with those of the researchers. Findings were organized into principles to guide evidence-based reviews.
Findings: Literature reviews about therapeutic touch often cited only research with favorable findings. When citing studies with contradictory findings, only the favorable findings were usually mentioned. In many reviews, research cited as indicating the efficacy of therapeutic touch indicated it was ineffective. Every review examined had at least one significant mistake concerning how research studies were represented.
Conclusions: Accurate presentation of original research results is needed to make evidence-based decisions and to ensure that limited healthcare resources are used effectively and safely. Evidence-based principles should be followed in reviewing therapies and practices, including alternative therapies.
JOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP, 2000; 32:3, 279-285. (c) 2000 SIGMA THETA TAU INTERNATIONAL.
[Key words: literature review, therapeutic touch, citation analysis, clinical decision making, reliability and validity]
The aim of evidence-based practice is to provide the best care based on the best available research. Critical pathways, clinical practice guidelines, and outcomes assessment are aspects of this trend. Patients and providers want assurance that the limited resources available in today's health care system are used as effectively, safely, and efficiently as possible. Medical and nursing practice decisions should therefore be based on the best evidence available.
Another change in healthcare is in the interest in alternative or complementary therapies. Although difficult to define, these therapies generally encompass those not usually considered part of modern, Western, scientific healthcare. Policies regarding the provision of, and insurance coverage for, alternative therapies are arising in response to this...
