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In 2 studies, paternalistic and envious gender stereotypes were examined. Paternalistic stereotypes portray particular female or male subgroups as warm but not competent, whereas envious stereotypes depict some other female or male subgroups as competent but not warm. A total of 134 women and 82 men, primarily White and middle class, participated in this research. Building on the stereotype content model (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002), Study 1 tested the mixed-stereotypes hypothesis that many gender subgroups are viewed as high on either competence or warmth but low on the other. Study 2 additionally addressed the social-structural hypothesis that status predicts perceived competence and interdependence predicts perceived warmth. The results provided strong support for both hypotheses.
KEY WORDS: gender; stereotypes; prejudice; subgrouping; sexism.
For almost half a century the predominant social psychological view of prejudice has been that of an antipathy, or a negative attitude, toward others based on their social category membership. This view dates back to Allport's pivotal definition of the term (Allport, 1954). Following in the wake of Allport many scholars have tried to refine, or even redefine, prejudice without truly changing the concept's purported essence (see, e.g., Ashmore, 1970; Brown, 1995; Dovidio & Gaertner, 1986; Pettigrew, 1999). In recent years, however, the antipathy view of prejudice has been subjected to critical reexamination on both theoretical and empirical grounds. Prejudice, on this account, is not a unitary concept that implies a uniformly negative attitude; rather, the concept of prejudice is considered to be polymorphous and comprise multiple, qualitatively different forms (Alexander, Brewer, & Herrmann, 1999; Duckitt, 2001; Glick & Fiske, 2001b; Jackman, 1994).
The focus of the present research is on one particularly promising approach to the analysis of multiple forms of prejudice-the stereotype content model, recently developed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002; see, for prior versions of the model, Fiske, 1998; Fiske, Xu, Cuddy, & Glick, 1999; Glick & Fiske, 1999b, 2001c). Building on ambivalent sexism theory (Glick & Fiske, 1996, 2001b) and drawing on a rich body of empirical evidence that attests to the ambivalent nature of prejudicial attitudes toward the genders (Glick et al., 2000; Glick & Fiske, 1996, 2001a), these researchers have begun to challenge the equation of prejudice...